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Related Concept Videos

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast, controlled...
Pharmacovigilance01:19

Pharmacovigilance

Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
This process, termed pharmacovigilance, aims to detect, evaluate, and minimize harmful effects related to medication use. The data collection for pharmacovigilance depends on spontaneous reporting systems, where healthcare professionals or patients voluntarily report suspected ADRs.
In some cases, there...
Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predicted Value01:13

Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predicted Value

In healthcare diagnostics, laboratory tests play a crucial role in identifying and diagnosing a wide range of medical conditions. However, interpreting test results is not always straightforward. An abnormal test result does not always confirm the presence of a disease, just as a normal result does not guarantee its absence. To assess the reliability of these diagnostic tools, healthcare practitioners rely on two key statistical indicators: sensitivity and specificity.
Sensitivity is the...
Archival Research01:40

Archival Research

Some researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with a single research participant. Instead, they use existing records to answer various research questions. This type of research approach is known as archival research. Archival research relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships. For example, a researcher might access the academic records of all individuals who enrolled in college within the past ten years and...
Regression Toward the Mean01:52

Regression Toward the Mean

Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when researchers try to extrapolate results...
Ethics in Research01:56

Ethics in Research

Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases
05:02

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases

Published on: October 24, 2019

Negative results: why do they need to be published?

Peter Sandercock1

  • 1Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh,Western General Hospital, Bramwell Dott Building, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. peter.sandercock@ed.ac.uk

International Journal of Stroke : Official Journal of the International Stroke Society
|December 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Publishing negative results is crucial for scientific integrity and ethical research practices. Making these study findings publicly available prevents research waste and promotes transparency.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases
05:02

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases

Published on: October 24, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Scientific publishing
  • Research ethics
  • Biomedical research

Background:

  • Negative results, or studies with inconsequential findings, are often underreported.
  • Publication bias can lead to skewed scientific literature and duplicated efforts.
  • Ethical considerations necessitate the dissemination of all research outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define 'negative results' in a research context.
  • To outline the ethical and scientific imperatives for publishing negative results.
  • To advocate for the public availability of all study outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • This article is a narrative review.
  • It synthesizes existing literature on scientific publishing and research ethics.
  • It defines key terms and presents arguments based on ethical principles.

Main Results:

  • Negative results are defined as research outcomes that do not support the initial hypothesis.
  • Several ethical reasons support public availability, including participant rights and resource allocation.
  • Scientific reasons include preventing duplication of effort and advancing knowledge.

Conclusions:

  • Publicly disseminating negative results is essential for a robust and transparent scientific record.
  • Overcoming publication bias benefits the scientific community and the public.
  • All research findings, regardless of outcome, should be accessible.