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Imbalances in Cardiac Output

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...

Dialysis

Dialysis

Renal failure occurs when the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste products from the blood effectively. It can be classified into two types: acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF).
Acute kidney injury develops suddenly and can be caused by pre-renal causes (e.g., hypovolemia, shock), intrinsic renal causes (e.g., acute tubular necrosis), or post-renal causes (e.g., urinary obstruction). In contrast, chronic renal failure progresses gradually over time and is often...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Biventricular Assessment of Cardiac Function and Pressure-Volume Loops by Closed-Chest Catheterization in Mice

Biventricular Assessment of Cardiac Function and Pressure-Volume Loops by Closed-Chest Catheterization in Mice

Published on: June 15, 2020

Relation between right and left ventricular function in patients undergoing chronic dialysis.

Francesco Paneni¹, Mario Gregori, Giuseppino M Ciavarella

¹Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome 'Sapienza', Rome, Italy.

Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine (Hagerstown, Md.)

|December 23, 2011

Summary

Right ventricular dysfunction in dialysis patients, especially those with arteriovenous fistulas (AVF), is linked to impaired left ventricular function. This suggests AVF plays a key role in heart failure development during dialysis.

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Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography

Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography

Published on: October 28, 2020

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Biventricular Assessment of Cardiac Function and Pressure-Volume Loops by Closed-Chest Catheterization in Mice

Biventricular Assessment of Cardiac Function and Pressure-Volume Loops by Closed-Chest Catheterization in Mice

Published on: June 15, 2020

Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography

Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography

Published on: October 28, 2020

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Nephrology
Cardiovascular Imaging

Background:

Heart failure during dialysis treatment is a significant cause of mortality.
Mechanisms of left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) in dialysis patients remain unclear.
Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in hemodialysis is linked to right ventricular dysfunction (RVD), particularly with brachial access.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between right and left ventricular function in dialysis patients.
To determine if AVF-induced RVD is associated with impaired left ventricular function.

Main Methods:

Echocardiography with tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) was used to assess both ventricles.
Right ventricular myocardial performance index (RV MPI) was calculated using TDI.

Main Results:

RVD was more prevalent in hemodialysis patients, especially those with brachial AVF.
RV MPI showed an inverse correlation with left ventricular contraction and relaxation indices.
Dialysis patients with higher RV MPI exhibited greater LVD, independently associated with reduced left ventricular function.

Conclusions:

AVF-induced RVD may contribute to LVD in dialysis patients.
AVF is pivotal in triggering LVD through right-to-left ventricular interdependence.