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Infertility in Males

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...

Infertility in Females

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is a complex process that involves the development of sperm cells from undifferentiated stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The process is essential for the production of mature and functional sperm cells that are capable of fertilizing an egg.
The process of spermatogenesis can be divided into mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis. During mitosis, the spermatogonia or stem cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells, type A and B spermatogonia. Type-A...

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra. Symptoms...

Sperm Structure and Semen Composition

Sperm Structure and Semen Composition

During ejaculation, males release around 2-5 milliliters of semen, which is a complex mixture of mature sperm and various fluids produced by accessory glands. The mature sperm cells measure approximately 60 micrometers in length and consist of a head, neck, midpiece, and tail. The head is flattened and tapered, measuring about 4 to 5 micrometers in length. It contains a nucleus with condensed chromosomes and an acrosome, a cap-like structure filled with enzymes essential for penetrating the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Mitochondrial Function in Human Spermatozoa

High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Mitochondrial Function in Human Spermatozoa

Published on: June 23, 2023

Focus issue on male infertility.

Hideyuki Kobayashi¹, Koichi Nagao, Koichi Nakajima

¹Department of Urology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan.

Advances in Urology

|December 23, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Evaluating male infertility involves a thorough history, physical exam, and semen analysis. Even with nonobstructive azoospermia, assisted reproductive technology can help achieve pregnancy.

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Urology
Andrology

Background:

Male infertility affects sperm number and function.
Clinical evaluation is crucial for diagnosis.
Nonobstructive azoospermia presents unique challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline the clinical evaluation process for male infertility.
To identify key diagnostic tools and methods.
To discuss management strategies, including for nonobstructive azoospermia.

Main Methods:

Detailed patient history and physical examination.
Semen analysis, guided by WHO (2009) manual.
Ancillary tests: ultrasound, karyotyping, hormonal studies.

Main Results:

Comprehensive evaluation identifies specific causes of infertility.
Nonobstructive azoospermia is characterized by low sperm production, small testes, and elevated FSH.
Suboptimal semen quality does not preclude successful pregnancy via assisted reproductive technology.

Conclusions:

A systematic approach is essential for diagnosing male infertility.
Understanding specific etiological factors guides treatment.
Assisted reproductive technologies offer hope for achieving pregnancy in challenging cases.