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Related Concept Videos

Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
Oogenesis01:22

Oogenesis

Oogenesis,  the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of pre-granulosa cells, forming what is known...
Folliculogenesis01:20

Folliculogenesis

Folliculogenesis is the development of ovarian follicles, the specialized structures within the ovarian cortex where oogenesis, or egg development, occurs. This process is essential for female reproductive health and begins during fetal development when primordial follicles are formed. Each primordial follicle comprises a primary oocyte in the center, surrounded by a single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells. These follicles remain dormant in late prophase I of meiosis until triggered by...
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder01:28

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
Researchers have identified genetic factors that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia, underscoring the intricate interplay between genetics and environment in disease development. At the core of schizophrenia's pathophysiology is excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission within the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

A Modified Technique for Inducing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Mice
04:49

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Published on: July 5, 2024

Does PCOS have developmental origins?

Stephen Franks1, Sarah L Berga

  • 1Institute of Reproductive & Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.

Fertility and Sterility
|December 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prenatal androgen exposure in animal models mimics reproductive and metabolic issues seen in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). This suggests developmental programming plays a key role in PCOS etiology.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive endocrinology
  • Developmental biology
  • Metabolic disorders

Background:

  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder with reproductive and metabolic features.
  • The etiology of PCOS is multifactorial, with genetic and environmental factors implicated.
  • Developmental programming, influenced by intrauterine exposures, is increasingly recognized as a potential contributor to PCOS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of developmental programming in the etiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).
  • To examine the relevance of prenatal androgen exposure as a model for PCOS phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing animal models, specifically prenatally androgenized sheep and monkeys, to mimic PCOS-like conditions.
  • Comparing reproductive and metabolic phenotypes in these animal models to those observed in women with PCOS.

Main Results:

  • A significant similarity was observed in the reproductive and metabolic phenotypes between prenatally androgenized animals and women diagnosed with PCOS.
  • These findings provide strong supportive evidence for the hypothesis that developmental programming is crucial in the development of PCOS.

Conclusions:

  • Prenatal androgen exposure serves as a relevant model for understanding PCOS.
  • Developmental programming, particularly intrauterine influences, is a critical factor in the etiology of PCOS, though not necessarily the sole determinant.