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Related Concept Videos

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...

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Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH
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Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH

Published on: August 19, 2014

Chromium and genomic stability.

Sandra S Wise1, John Pierce Wise

  • 1Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, and Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104, United States.

Mutation Research
|December 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chromium, particularly trivalent chromium, is not an essential micronutrient and may actually increase genomic instability. Hexavalent chromium is toxic, carcinogenic, and also promotes genomic instability.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental toxicology
  • Nutritional science
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Metals function as micronutrients, aiding in genomic stability.
  • Chromium exists in trivalent and hexavalent forms.
  • Trivalent chromium's essentiality is debated; it may have pharmacological value but is not essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the role of trivalent and hexavalent chromium in genomic stability.
  • To clarify the essentiality of trivalent chromium.
  • To assess the toxicological profile of hexavalent chromium.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing data on chromium forms and genomic stability.
  • Analysis of toxicological and nutritional studies.
  • Assessment of carcinogenic potential and genotoxicity data.

Main Results:

  • Trivalent chromium is not essential, lacks evidence for promoting genomic stability, and may induce instability.
  • Hexavalent chromium is a known toxicant and carcinogen with no nutritional value.
  • Hexavalent chromium demonstrably causes genomic instability and does not protect against it.

Conclusions:

  • Neither trivalent nor hexavalent chromium are essential micronutrients.
  • Both forms of chromium may contribute to genomic instability.
  • Hexavalent chromium poses significant health risks due to its toxicity and carcinogenicity.