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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
04:09

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

Thyroid surgery.

Leo H-H Cheng1, Iain L Hutchison

  • 1Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, St Bartholomew's & The Royal London, United Kingdom; Homerton University Hospitals, London, United Kingdom. leo.cheng@bartsandthelondon.nhs.uk

The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
|December 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid surgery, often managed by head and neck surgeons, requires multidisciplinary care. Protecting nerves and glands during thyroidectomy minimizes complications, with advances improving patient outcomes.

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Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
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"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

  • Thyroid diseases are prevalent, frequently necessitating surgical intervention.
  • Thyroid surgery is increasingly specialized, performed by maxillofacial and head and neck surgeons.
  • Multidisciplinary management is crucial for optimal patient care, especially for thyroid malignancies and retrosternal goiters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of meticulous surgical techniques in thyroidectomy.
  • To discuss recent advancements in thyroid surgical procedures and technologies.
  • To emphasize the role of specialized surgeons and multidisciplinary teams in thyroid disease management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current practices in thyroid surgery.
  • Discussion of key surgical steps, including recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid gland protection.
  • Overview of recent technological and procedural innovations in the field.

Main Results:

  • Meticulous identification and protection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid glands are critical for reducing postoperative complications.
  • Specific surgical techniques, such as skin crease incisions and neck dissection, are essential.
  • Advances like ultrasound-guided blocks, advanced energy devices, nerve monitoring, sealant use, and minimal access surgery are enhancing safety and efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid surgery demands specialized expertise and a multidisciplinary approach for optimal outcomes.
  • Careful surgical technique, particularly nerve and gland preservation, is paramount to minimize morbidity.
  • Ongoing advancements in technology and surgical methods continue to improve the safety and effectiveness of thyroidectomy.