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Related Concept Videos

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
Real Time RT-PCR02:57

Real Time RT-PCR

Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, or Real-time RT-PCR, is an analytical tool used to determine the expression level of target genes. The method involves converting mRNA to complementary DNA with the help of an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, followed by the PCR amplification of the cDNA. These two processes can be performed simultaneously in a single tube or separately as a two-step reaction.
The real-time quantification of the number of amplified products is...
RNA Stability01:53

RNA Stability

Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
12:54

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Published on: March 7, 2018

Repeated small perturbation approach reveals transcriptomic steady states.

Ching-Lung Huang1, Wun-Yi Shu, Min-Lung Tsai

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.

Plos One
|December 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Small doses of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation reveal dynamic biological responses in human cells. Repeated low UVB exposure causes cyclic gene expression changes, unlike single high doses, offering insights into biological steady states.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
12:54

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Published on: March 7, 2018

An Approach to Study Shape-Dependent Transcriptomics at a Single Cell Level
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An Approach to Study Shape-Dependent Transcriptomics at a Single Cell Level

Published on: November 2, 2020

Determining Genome-wide Transcript Decay Rates in Proliferating and Quiescent Human Fibroblasts
07:03

Determining Genome-wide Transcript Decay Rates in Proliferating and Quiescent Human Fibroblasts

Published on: January 2, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cellular dynamics
  • Systems biology
  • Radiation biology

Background:

  • Understanding biological system dynamics requires analyzing steady-state transitions.
  • Small perturbation approaches offer insights into biological steady states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of repeated small doses of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on human keratinocyte gene expression.
  • To characterize the dynamic response of biological systems to controlled perturbations.

Main Methods:

  • Applied a series of repeating small doses (10 J/m2) of UVB radiation to HaCaT human keratinocyte cells.
  • Monitored gene expression profiles using cDNA microarrays to assess biological response.
  • Compared responses to small, repeated doses versus large, single doses of UVB.

Main Results:

  • Repeated small UVB doses modulated gene expression in two opposing directions: up-regulation of anti-proliferation/apoptosis genes and down-regulation of proliferation/anti-apoptosis genes.
  • Observed an immediate response followed by relaxation between successive small UVB perturbations, creating a cyclic pattern.
  • This cyclic pattern was abolished by large UVB doses (233 or 582.5 J/m2).

Conclusions:

  • Repeated small perturbations elicit distinct dynamic responses compared to large perturbations in biological systems.
  • The findings provide a foundation for computational systems biology by demonstrating steady-state dynamics.
  • Gene expression modulation by UVB highlights cellular mechanisms of response and adaptation.