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Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Paracrine Signaling01:21

Paracrine Signaling

Paracrine signaling allows cells to communicate with their immediate neighbors via secretion of signaling molecules. Such a signal can only trigger a response in nearby target cells because the signal molecules degrade quickly or are inactivated if not taken up. Prominent examples of paracrine signaling include nitric oxide signaling in blood vessels, synaptic signaling of neurons, the blood clotting system, tissue repair/wound healing, and local allergic skin reactions. Nitric oxide as a...
Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
Overview of Cell-Matrix Interactions01:24

Overview of Cell-Matrix Interactions

The extracellular matrix or ECM holds cells together to form a tissue and allows the cells within the tissue to communicate. ECM comprises proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, laminin, etc. The most abundant protein in this space is collagen. Collagen fibers are interwoven with carbohydrate-containing protein molecules called proteoglycans. ECM allows cell migration and provides a structural scaffold at cell adhesion that anchors the cell when the extracellular matrix proteins interact with...
Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
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Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells
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Modeling Ca2+ signaling in the microcirculation: intercellular communication and vasoreactivity.

Adam Kapela1, Sridevi Nagaraja, Jaimit Parikh

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.

Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
|December 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Vascular cells use complex signaling to control blood flow and vessel tone. Understanding these mechanisms, including vasomotion, is key to regulating local perfusion and oxygenation.

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells
10:46

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Published on: July 16, 2013

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Dissection of Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Cells by Membrane-targeted Ca2+ Indicators

Published on: March 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Biophysics
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Intracellular signaling and intercellular interactions regulate vascular cell calcium mobilization, arteriolar tone, and blood flow.
  • Endothelium-derived vasoreactive factors and myoendothelial communication are crucial for vasoreactivity.
  • Vascular networks conduct signals upstream, influencing short-term perfusion and long-term adaptations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review experimental studies and mathematical models of vasoreactivity mechanisms.
  • To elucidate the complex signaling pathways involved in regulating local perfusion and oxygenation.
  • To highlight the significance of vasomotion for tissue oxygenation and blood flow enhancement.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental studies on vascular signaling and vasoreactivity.
  • Analysis of mathematical models simulating vascular network behavior.
  • Integration of findings on myoendothelial communication and endothelium-derived factors.

Main Results:

  • Established the importance of myoendothelial communication and upstream signaling in vasoreactivity.
  • Identified vasomotion as a phenomenon enhancing tissue oxygenation and blood flow.
  • Demonstrated the role of intracellular signaling and intercellular interactions in calcium mobilization and arteriolar tone.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental and mathematical approaches are vital for understanding vasoreactivity.
  • Complex signaling networks govern local perfusion and oxygenation.
  • Further research into these mechanisms can lead to improved therapeutic strategies for vascular disorders.