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Related Concept Videos

What is Genetic Engineering?00:49

What is Genetic Engineering?

Overview
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
Gene Therapy00:59

Gene Therapy

Gene therapy is a technique where a gene is inserted into a person’s cells to prevent or treat a serious disease. The added gene may be a healthy version of the gene that is mutated in the patient, or it could be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the patient’s disease-causing gene. For example, in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase, a functioning version of the gene can be inserted. The...
Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
Genetic Screens02:46

Genetic Screens

Genetic screens are tools used to identify genes and mutations responsible for phenotypes of interest. Genetic screens help identify individuals or a group of people at risk of developing  genetic diseases and help them with early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive options.
Forward genetic screens
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Structure of a Gene01:30

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
However, only 1% of the DNA is composed of genes that encode proteins; the rest, 99% is non-coding DNA. This non-coding DNA performs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform
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Published on: January 13, 2019

Learning to protect your genome on the fly.

Mia T Levine1, Harmit S Malik

  • 1Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.

Cell
|December 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) defend genomes from transposons. A single generation

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are crucial for maintaining genome stability by suppressing transposable elements in the germline.
  • Mobile genetic elements pose a significant threat to genome integrity if not properly controlled.

Discussion:

  • The study investigates the adaptive mechanisms of the piRNA pathway in response to novel mobile elements.
  • Khurana et al. demonstrate rapid genomic adjustments in piRNA loci within a single generation.

Key Insights:

  • A naive fly genome can rapidly evolve defenses against newly introduced mobile elements through alterations in piRNA-encoding loci.
  • This rapid adaptation highlights the plasticity of the piRNA pathway in host-genome defense.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

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Published on: January 13, 2019

In Vivo Forward Genetic Screen to Identify Novel Neuroprotective Genes in Drosophila melanogaster
10:00

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Published on: July 11, 2019

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03:47

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Outlook:

  • Understanding these rapid evolutionary responses can inform strategies for genome defense in various organisms.
  • Further research may explore the specific genetic and epigenetic mechanisms driving these locus alterations.