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Related Concept Videos

Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction01:28

Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction

A method involving the transformation of methyl ketones to carboxylic acids using excess base and halogen is called the haloform reaction. It begins with the deprotonation of α hydrogen to form an enolate ion which reacts with the electrophilic halogen to give an α-halo ketone. The step continues until all the α protons are substituted to form a trihalomethyl ketone. The resulting molecule is unstable, and in the presence of a hydroxide base, it readily undergoes nucleophilic acyl substitution.
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
Solvents01:12

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
Expressing Solution Concentration02:48

Expressing Solution Concentration

A solute is a component of a solution that is typically present at a much lower concentration than the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
Concentrations may be quantitatively assessed using a wide variety of measurement units, each convenient for particular applications. Molarity (M) is a useful concentration unit for many applications in chemistry.
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...

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Morpholinium hydrogen chloranilate methanol monosolvate.

Kazuma Gotoh1, Yuki Tahara, Hiroyuki Ishida

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|December 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The crystal structure reveals a new compound, C(4)H(10)NO(+)·C(6)HCl(2)O(4) (-)·CH(4)O, stabilized by intricate hydrogen bonds. These bonds form unique double-tape structures, offering insights into molecular assembly.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding the self-assembly of molecules is crucial in materials science.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in directing crystal packing and material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(4)H(10)NO(+)·C(6)HCl(2)O(4) (-)·CH(4)O.
  • To investigate the role of hydrogen bonding in the formation of supramolecular architectures.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
  • Analysis of intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯O interactions.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure consists of a 2+2+2 aggregate formed by bifurcated O-H⋯(O,O), O-H⋯(O,Cl), and N-H⋯(O,O) hydrogen bonds.
  • A double-tape structure along the b axis was observed, stabilized by additional N-H⋯(O, O) hydrogen bonds.
  • Weak C-H⋯O interactions were identified between the tapes.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully characterized the crystal structure and supramolecular assembly of the title compound.
  • The findings highlight the significance of diverse hydrogen bonding patterns in creating complex molecular architectures.