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Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
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IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

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Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

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Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.

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Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

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Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

Published on: June 23, 2019

1,3-Dimethyl-5-(3-methyl-phen-oxy)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde.

Hong Dai¹, Hai-Jun Zhang, Lei Shi

¹College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|December 27, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study describes the crystal structure of a compound with two independent molecules. Key findings include specific dihedral angles between phenyl and pyrazole rings and observed intermolecular interactions.

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A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species

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Area of Science:

Crystallography
Organic Chemistry
Molecular Structure

Background:

Understanding molecular arrangements is crucial in chemistry.
Pyrazole derivatives are important in various chemical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(13)H(14)N(2)O(2).
To analyze the molecular geometry and intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles was performed.

Main Results:

The asymmetric unit contains two independent molecules of C(13)H(14)N(2)O(2).
Dihedral angles between the phenyl and pyrazole rings were measured as 86.5(2)° and 82.3(3)°.
Weak intermolecular C-H⋯O interactions were identified in the crystal packing.

Conclusions:

The study provides detailed structural information for the title compound.
The observed dihedral angles indicate a near-perpendicular orientation between the aromatic rings.
Intermolecular C-H⋯O interactions play a role in stabilizing the crystal structure.