Applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in child and adolescent psychiatry

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is emerging as a new treatment and neurophysiological research tool for psychiatric disorders. Recent publications suggest that this modality will also serve as a treatment and research tool in child and adolescent psychiatry. Current reports on therapeutic trials of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in adolescents have primarily focused on depression. However, other pilot work involves the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism and schizophrenia. Neurophysiological studies typically utilize single and paired-pulse TMS paradigms which index cortical excitability and inhibition. Initial studies have focused on ADHD, autism, and depression. General knowledge regarding TMS among child and adolescent psychiatrists is lacking. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of TMS in the context of child and adolescent psychiatry, discuss recent therapeutic and neurophysiological studies, and examine relevant ethical considerations.