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Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones

In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones

Published on: July 25, 2019

Histone ubiquitylation and chromatin dynamics.

Duncan Edward Wright¹, Chen-Yi Wang, Cheng-Fu Kao

¹Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)

|December 29, 2011

Summary

Histone ubiquitylation, a key post-translational modification, regulates gene expression and DNA processes. This review covers enzymes, chromatin roles, and involvement in DNA repair and mRNA processing.

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Epigenetics
Biochemistry

Background:

Histones undergo post-translational modifications regulating gene expression.
Histone ubiquitylation (e.g., H2B, H2A) influences chromatin dynamics and gene regulation.
Ubiquitylated histones play roles in transcriptional activation, repression, and DNA repair.

Purpose of the Study:

To review enzymes involved in histone ubiquitylation and deubiquitylation.
To examine the role of ubiquitylated histones in chromatin structure and DNA accessibility.
To discuss other processes involving histone ubiquitylation, such as DNA repair and mRNA processing.

Main Methods:

Literature review of histone ubiquitylation.
Analysis of enzymes mediating ubiquitylation/deubiquitylation.

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Published on: May 17, 2016

Deciphering Molecular Mechanism of Histone Assembly by DNA Curtain Technique

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones

In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones

Published on: July 25, 2019

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis

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Published on: May 17, 2016

Deciphering Molecular Mechanism of Histone Assembly by DNA Curtain Technique

Deciphering Molecular Mechanism of Histone Assembly by DNA Curtain Technique

Published on: March 9, 2022

Examination of functional roles in chromatin and DNA-related processes.

Main Results:

Ubiquitylation of H2B and H2A impacts gene expression and chromatin.
Ubiquitylated histones influence histone-histone interactions and nucleosome stability.
Histone ubiquitylation is implicated in DNA repair, recombination, and mRNA processing.

Conclusions:

Histone ubiquitylation is a crucial epigenetic mark with diverse regulatory functions.
Understanding these modifications provides insights into gene regulation and cellular processes.
Further research into ubiquitylated histones can reveal novel therapeutic targets.