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Related Concept Videos

The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Minerals01:26

Minerals

Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Processing Embryo, Eggshell, and Fungal Culture for Scanning Electron Microscopy
09:15

Processing Embryo, Eggshell, and Fungal Culture for Scanning Electron Microscopy

Published on: August 16, 2019

The eggshell: structure, composition and mineralization.

Maxwell T Hincke1, Yves Nys, Joel Gautron

  • 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada. mhincke@uottawa.ca

Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)
|December 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This review examines avian eggshell formation, focusing on chicken studies. New genomic data from zebra finches and upcoming turkey/duck genomes promise insights into eggshell organic components.

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Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis
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Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis

Published on: June 24, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Processing Embryo, Eggshell, and Fungal Culture for Scanning Electron Microscopy
09:15

Processing Embryo, Eggshell, and Fungal Culture for Scanning Electron Microscopy

Published on: August 16, 2019

Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis
14:55

Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis

Published on: June 24, 2018

Area of Science:

  • * Animal Reproduction and Development
  • * Biomineralization and Biomaterials Science
  • * Comparative Genomics and Proteomics

Background:

  • * Avian and reptilian eggshells are primarily calcareous structures.
  • * Chicken (Gallus gallus) eggshell formation is well-studied, but gaps remain.
  • * Understanding eggshell matrix composition and mineralization is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To review current knowledge of eggshell microstructure and ultrastructure.
  • * To analyze recent genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic findings in chicken eggshell matrix.
  • * To highlight uncertainties in eggshell formation, including amorphous calcium carbonate and nucleation/termination molecules.

Main Methods:

  • * Literature review of eggshell formation and mineralization studies.
  • * Analysis of existing genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data from Gallus gallus.
  • * Consideration of emerging comparative genomics data from Taeniopygia guttata.

Main Results:

  • * Most chicken eggshell constituents are identified, but formation mechanisms need clarification.
  • * Areas of uncertainty include the role of amorphous calcium carbonate and specific nucleating/terminating molecules.
  • * Comparative genomics and proteomics are advancing with new avian genome data.

Conclusions:

  • * Further research is needed to fully elucidate eggshell formation and mineralization processes.
  • * Comparative avian genomics and proteomics will accelerate understanding of organic eggshell constituents.
  • * Upcoming genomes (turkey, duck) will facilitate rapid advances in avian eggshell research.