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Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...
Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own EpiSCs...
Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
Layers of the Epidermis01:21

Layers of the Epidermis

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale
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Published on: May 28, 2021

Update on the epidermal differentiation complex.

Julie Henry1, Eve Toulza, Chiung-Yueh Hsu

  • 1UMR5165 CNRS, U1056 INSERM, Toulouse, France.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)
|December 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The epidermal differentiation complex on chromosome 1q21 contains key genes for skin barrier function. This review details small proline-rich proteins (SPRRs), late cornified envelope (LCE) proteins, and S100-fused type proteins (SFTPs), exploring their roles in skin health and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Human molecular genetics
  • Dermatology
  • Protein biochemistry

Background:

  • The epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) on human chromosome 1q21 is vital for keratinocyte differentiation and stratum corneum formation.
  • This complex houses gene families encoding structural and regulatory proteins essential for skin barrier properties.
  • Key gene families include S100A, small proline-rich proteins (SPRRs), late cornified envelope (LCE) proteins, and S100-fused type proteins (SFTPs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the SPRR, LCE, and SFTP gene families within the EDC.
  • To describe the structures, functions, and regulatory mechanisms of these proteins.
  • To highlight their potential involvement in various skin diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on genes within the epidermal differentiation complex.
  • Analysis of protein structures and known functional roles.
  • Examination of gene expression regulation and association with dermatological conditions.

Main Results:

  • SPRRs, LCE proteins, and SFTPs are crucial components of the cornified cell envelope, contributing to skin barrier integrity.
  • Detailed descriptions of their molecular structures and specific functions in keratinocyte differentiation are presented.
  • Mechanisms regulating the expression of these genes are discussed, alongside their implicated roles in skin pathologies.

Conclusions:

  • The SPRR, LCE, and SFTP gene families are integral to epidermal homeostasis and skin barrier function.
  • Understanding these proteins and their regulation offers insights into the pathogenesis of skin diseases.
  • Further research into these EDC components may reveal novel therapeutic targets for dermatological conditions.