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Related Concept Videos

Parenting Styles01:27

Parenting Styles

Diana Baumrind's four parenting styles — authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, and permissive — each influence children's socio-emotional development differently.
Authoritarian Parenting
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Other adult family members and siblings play a crucial role in shaping children’s social and emotional development. While parents or primary caregivers are often the central figures in early attachment and socialization, other adults in a child’s life, such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles, can significantly influence developmental outcomes. These influences depend on each adult’s personality and may help compensate when a primary caregiver is emotionally distant or inconsistent. For...
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Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure
07:56

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Published on: September 19, 2019

Beyond absenteeism: father incarceration and child development.

Amanda Geller1, Carey E Cooper, Irwin Garfinkel

  • 1Columbia Population Research Center, Columbia University Schools of Social Work and Law, New York, NY 10027, USA. abg2108@columbia.edu

Demography
|December 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Paternal incarceration significantly increases children's aggressive behaviors and attention problems. These effects are stronger than other forms of father absence, highlighting the need for specialized support for children impacted by parental imprisonment.

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Area of Science:

  • Sociology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Criminology

Background:

  • High rates of male incarceration in the U.S. coincide with high rates of fatherhood among incarcerated men.
  • Parental imprisonment is a significant factor affecting child development, necessitating research into its specific impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the relationship between paternal incarceration and children's developmental outcomes.
  • To compare the effects of paternal incarceration with other forms of father absence.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (approx. 3,000 urban children).
  • Employed cross-sectional and longitudinal regression models.
  • Controlled for demographic characteristics, confounders, pre-incarceration development, and family fixed effects.

Main Results:

  • Found significant increases in aggressive behaviors among children with incarcerated fathers.
  • Observed evidence of increased attention problems in children affected by paternal incarceration.
  • Paternal incarceration effects were stronger than other father absence forms.

Conclusions:

  • Paternal incarceration poses risks to child development beyond simple parent-child separation, through associated family hardships.
  • Children with incarcerated fathers, regardless of prior cohabitation, require specialized support.
  • Incarceration's impact underscores the need for targeted interventions from caregivers, educators, and social services.