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Related Concept Videos

Environmental Influences on Intelligence01:29

Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Despite the strong genetic influence on traits like intelligence, environmental factors significantly shape outcomes. For example, while over 90% of height variation is due to genetic differences, environmental factors such as nutrition also have a notable impact. Similarly, for intelligence, changes in a child's surroundings can significantly alter their IQ. Research shows that enriched environments boost children's academic success and help them develop key cognitive skills. Children from...
Nature and Nurture01:10

Nature and Nurture

Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience, such as differences...
Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
Regression Toward the Mean01:52

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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when researchers try to extrapolate results...
Dimensions of Health and Illness01:21

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The factors influencing the health-illness continuum can be internal or external and may or may not be under conscious control. They are related to the following eight human dimensions, and each dimension is interrelated to one other.
Biological Influences on Intelligence01:30

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Intelligence is often thought to be linked to brain size, but the relationship is more complex than that. While brain size does correlate modestly with some abilities, like verbal skills, the connection is weaker for others, such as spatial reasoning. Other factors, like brain structure, also play crucial roles. For instance, despite Einstein's smaller-than-average brain, his parietal cortex, which is involved in spatial reasoning, was 15% wider, suggesting that neural density might matter more...

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Concurrent Collection of Fetal Murine Brain and Serum to Assess Effects of Maternal Diet on Nutrition and Neurodevelopment in Neurofibromatosis Type 1
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The relationship between the built environment and birthweight.

Rebecca Ouyang1

  • 1Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. rebecca.ouyang@gmail.com

Reviews on Environmental Health
|December 31, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study explores the connection between neighborhood built environments and low birthweight. It suggests interventions at multiple levels to improve health outcomes for residents.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Urban Planning
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Research on the built environment's health impacts has expanded beyond housing to neighborhood-level factors.
  • Existing research links neighborhood quality to health outcomes, but lacks measures for the physical "built environment".

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the literature on the built environment and its association with low birthweight.
  • To propose potential interventions to address low birthweight influenced by the built environment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies examining the built environment and low birthweight.
  • Analysis of existing research to identify gaps in built environment measurement.
  • Synthesis of findings to suggest multilevel interventions.

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Main Results:

  • The built environment significantly influences resident health outcomes, including low birthweight.
  • There is a need for better quantification of the physical features of the built environment.
  • Interventions targeting county, neighborhood, and individual levels show promise.

Conclusions:

  • The built environment is a critical factor in low birthweight.
  • Multilevel interventions are necessary to mitigate the impact of the built environment on birth outcomes.
  • Community leaders and policymakers can utilize these interventions to improve public health.