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Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...
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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...

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Application of AlDeSense to Stratify Ovarian Cancer Cells Based on Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 Activity
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Aldehyde dehydrogenases and cell proliferation.

G Muzio1, M Maggiora, E Paiuzzi

  • 1Dipartimento di Medicina ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy.

Free Radical Biology & Medicine
|December 31, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are crucial enzymes involved in cell protection and proliferation. Elevated ALDH3A1 expression correlates with increased resistance to toxic aldehydes and drugs, impacting cancer cell behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are enzymes that oxidize aldehydes, playing roles in physiological and pathological processes.
  • Elevated ALDH activity is observed in cancer stem cells, suggesting a role in their self-protection, differentiation, and expansion.
  • The ALDH3 family, particularly ALDH3A1, metabolizes aldehydes and possesses non-catalytic functions like antioxidant and structural roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs), specifically ALDH3A1, in cell proliferation and resistance mechanisms.
  • To investigate the correlation between ALDH3A1 expression, aldehyde detoxification, and drug resistance in cancer cells.
  • To understand the potential regulatory mechanisms of ALDHs in cell proliferation, possibly through endogenous aldehyde metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ALDH gene expression and enzyme activity in various cell lines and tissues.
  • Investigating the effects of ALDH3A1 inhibition (using inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA) or activation on cell proliferation.
  • Examining the correlation between ALDH3A1 levels and resistance to cytotoxic aldehydes and drugs.
  • Exploring the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in regulating ALDH3A1 activity and cell proliferation.

Main Results:

  • ALDH3A1 is highly expressed in specific tissues (stomach, lung, cornea) and poorly in the liver.
  • Increased ALDH3A1 expression and activity correlate with cell proliferation and resistance to lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes and drug toxicity.
  • Inhibition of ALDH3A1 reduces cell proliferation, while its activation stimulates it, suggesting a key role in cell cycle regulation.
  • PPARγ modulation influences ALDH3A1 activity and consequently affects cell proliferation.

Conclusions:

  • ALDH3A1 plays a significant role in protecting cells against aldehyde toxicity and contributes to drug resistance.
  • The enzyme's activity is closely linked to cell proliferation, with potential regulatory effects mediated by endogenous aldehyde metabolism.
  • ALDH3A1 represents a potential therapeutic target for modulating cancer cell proliferation and chemosensitivity.