Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by a...
Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...
Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

Overview
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Blood biomarkers predict conversion from cognitively stable to mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome at 16-month follow-up in ABC-DS.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same author

Age predicts Alzheimer's in Down syndrome better than MRI, plasma, or cognition.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same author

Frequency of mixed neuropathologies in individuals with down syndrome with and without Alzheimer's dementia.

Acta neuropathologica·2026
Same author

The association between APOE 𝜀4 carrierships and the detection of amyloid positivity using an Alzheimer's disease proteomic blood test in asymptomatic Down syndrome.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same author

Neuropathological measures of increased tau phosphorylation across the Down syndrome lifespan.

Acta neuropathologica·2026
Same author

The impact of congenital heart disease on the timing of Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome.

Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
06:38

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

Antioxidants in Down syndrome.

Ira T Lott1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI), Orange, CA 92868, USA. itlott@uci.edu

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|December 31, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Down syndrome (DS) is linked to increased oxidative stress, impacting brain health and Alzheimer

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit elevated oxidative stress across their lifespan.
  • Mouse models of DS display cellular oxidative stress, serving as platforms for antioxidant research.
  • Overexpressed genes on chromosome 21 are implicated in oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in DS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the biological role of oxidative stress in Down syndrome (DS).
  • To investigate the relationship between oxidative stress and developmental/aging abnormalities in DS.
  • To explore the connection between oxidative stress, neuropathology, and Alzheimer disease (AD) risk in DS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on oxidative stress in Down syndrome.

More Related Videos

Rapid Quantification of Oxidized and Reduced Forms of Glutathione Using Ortho -phthalaldehyde in Cultured Mammalian Cells In Vitro
03:35

Rapid Quantification of Oxidized and Reduced Forms of Glutathione Using Ortho -phthalaldehyde in Cultured Mammalian Cells In Vitro

Published on: June 28, 2024

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains
09:53

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

Published on: December 1, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
06:38

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

Rapid Quantification of Oxidized and Reduced Forms of Glutathione Using Ortho -phthalaldehyde in Cultured Mammalian Cells In Vitro
03:35

Rapid Quantification of Oxidized and Reduced Forms of Glutathione Using Ortho -phthalaldehyde in Cultured Mammalian Cells In Vitro

Published on: June 28, 2024

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains
09:53

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

Published on: December 1, 2016

  • Analysis of mouse models exhibiting DS-related phenotypes and oxidative stress.
  • Examination of genetic factors (chromosome 21) linked to oxidative stress and apoptosis.

    • Main Results:

    • Imbalance in free radical metabolism contributes to DS neuropathology and Alzheimer disease (AD) predisposition.
    • Mitochondria are identified as key targets of oxidative stress, potentially triggering AD in DS.
    • Biomarkers for oxidative stress are documented in both DS and the general AD population.

    Conclusions:

    • Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development and aging processes in Down syndrome.
    • Therapeutic interventions using standard antioxidants have yielded inconsistent results.
    • Further research is needed to understand and target oxidative stress pathways effectively in DS.