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Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Longitudinal Research

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Optimized Analysis of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression from Small, Anatomically-defined Areas of the Brain

Optimized Analysis of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression from Small, Anatomically-defined Areas of the Brain

Published on: July 12, 2012

Aging and epigenetics: longitudinal changes in gene-specific DNA methylation.

Jaime Madrigano¹, Andrea Baccarelli, Murray A Mittleman

¹The Earth Institute and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. jm3731@columbia.edu

|December 31, 2011

Summary

DNA methylation changes with age, impacting genes differently. Aging decreased methylation for GCR, iNOS, and TLR2, while increasing it for IFNγ, F3, CRAT, and OGG in elderly men.

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Optimized Analysis of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression from Small, Anatomically-defined Areas of the Brain

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Published on: July 12, 2012

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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Published on: September 7, 2017

Area of Science:

Epigenetics
Gerontology
Molecular Biology

Background:

DNA methylation is linked to age-related diseases.
Longitudinal changes in gene-specific DNA methylation in community-dwelling elderly populations are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To estimate age-related changes in DNA methylation for nine specific genes.
To investigate intra-individual DNA methylation variability over time in elderly men.

Main Methods:

Analysis of blood samples from 784 men in the Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study (1999-2009).
Utilized mixed-effects regression models to assess DNA methylation changes over approximately 3-5 year intervals.
Examined the influence of obstructive pulmonary disease on aging-related methylation patterns.

Main Results:

Significant associations found between aging and altered DNA methylation: decreased for GCR, iNOS, TLR2; increased for IFNγ, F3, CRAT, OGG.
Obstructive pulmonary disease modified the aging effect on IFNγ methylation (p = 0.04).
Significant heterogeneity in aging effects on GCR, iNOS, and OGG methylation observed.

Conclusions:

DNA methylation patterns evolve with age, potentially reflecting biological aging processes.
Individual variability in DNA methylation changes suggests personalized aging trajectories.
Findings highlight the dynamic nature of the epigenome in aging and disease susceptibility.