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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
09:42

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

Published on: March 27, 2026

Brachial plexus blocks for upper extremity orthopaedic surgery.

Benjamin G Bruce1, Andrew Green, Theodore A Blaine

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
|December 31, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regional anesthesia offers advantages over general anesthesia for upper extremity orthopedic surgery, including better pain management and faster recovery. Various brachial plexus nerve blocks provide effective anesthesia, but careful consideration is needed to maximize benefits and minimize risks.

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Published on: September 28, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Regional Anesthesia

Background:

  • Regional anesthesia is increasingly preferred over general anesthesia for orthopedic procedures of the upper extremity.
  • Key advantages include improved postoperative pain control, reduced opioid use, and shorter recovery times.
  • Various brachial plexus nerve blocks are utilized for different surgical targets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical applications and benefits of regional anesthesia for upper extremity orthopedic surgery.
  • To discuss commonly used brachial plexus nerve blocks, including interscalene, supraclavicular, infraclavicular, and axillary blocks.
  • To highlight practical and theoretical considerations for optimizing regional nerve block efficacy and safety.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of regional anesthesia techniques for upper extremity orthopedic surgery.
  • Analysis of the advantages of regional blocks compared to general anesthesia.
  • Discussion of specific brachial plexus blockades and their applications.

Main Results:

  • Regional anesthesia demonstrates significant benefits in postoperative pain management and opioid reduction.
  • Interscalene block is the predominant technique for shoulder surgery.
  • Supraclavicular, infraclavicular, and axillary blocks are alternatives for other upper extremity procedures.

Conclusions:

  • Regional anesthesia provides substantial advantages for upper extremity orthopedic surgery.
  • Proper selection and administration of brachial plexus blocks are crucial for patient outcomes.
  • Balancing the benefits and risks of regional nerve blocks is essential for safe and effective practice.