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Related Concept Videos

Cell Size01:22

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.
Surface Area
Cells can take in nutrients and water via diffusion through the plasma membrane itself or through specific channels in the membrane. The area of the membrane surrounding the cells limits the...
Brick Sizes01:21

Brick Sizes

Brick sizing plays a crucial role in construction, influencing both the aesthetics and structural integrity of buildings. Bricks are defined by three dimensions: width, thickness, and length. They are commonly designed to fit modular measurements, typically in multiples of 4 inches or 8 inches in width, to facilitate uniform construction and compatibility with other building materials.
Modular bricks are the most common type and are sized to include the mortar joint, which is essential for...
Sample Size Calculation01:19

Sample Size Calculation

Knowledge of the sample size is the first requirement to conduct random sampling or an experiment. The sample size is the total number of units, observations, or groups (in some cases) used to get the data to estimate a population parameter. As the name suggests, the sample size is that of the sample drawn from the population and differs from the population size.
The sample size for the given experiment or sampling effort is fundamental to any study design. Sample size decides the number of...
Pore Size Distribution01:23

Pore Size Distribution

In concrete, the pore size distribution significantly influences the material's properties. Capillary pores, markedly larger than gel pores, form a vast network within partially hydrated cement paste, reducing the concrete's strength and increasing its permeability. This heightened permeability leads to a greater risk of damage from environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks, with the extent of vulnerability also being tied to the water-to-cement ratio.
Adequate...
One-Way ANOVA: Unequal Sample Sizes01:15

One-Way ANOVA: Unequal Sample Sizes

One-way ANOVA can be performed on three or more samples of unequal sizes. However, calculations get complicated when sample sizes are not always the same. So, while performing ANOVA with unequal samples size, the following equation is used:
Scaling01:26

Scaling

In designing and analyzing filters, resonant circuits, or circuit analysis at large, working with standard element values like 1 ohm, 1 henry, or 1 farad can be convenient before scaling these values to more realistic figures. This approach is widely utilized by not employing realistic element values in numerous examples and problems; it simplifies mastering circuit analysis through convenient component values. The complexity of calculations is thereby reduced, with the understanding that...

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Modeling the Size Spectrum for Macroinvertebrates and Fishes in Stream Ecosystems
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Modeling the Size Spectrum for Macroinvertebrates and Fishes in Stream Ecosystems

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Size doesn't matter!

Safa Al-Shamma1

  • 1Royal Liverpool Hospital, Medicine/Gastroenterology, 5Z Link, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 5XP, UK.

BMJ Case Reports
|December 31, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A patient with Crohn's disease developed sudden chest pain and was diagnosed with a hydro-pneumothorax. This complication was likely caused by a Staphylococcus aureus infection and a broncho-pleural fistula.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Pulmonology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Immunosuppressive therapy, including anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents like adalimumab, azathioprine, and steroids, is common in Crohn's disease management.
  • Complications of Crohn's disease and its treatment can affect multiple organ systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a rare case of broncho-pleural fistula and pneumothorax in an 18-year-old male with Crohn's colitis.
  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges and clinical course of this complication.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of an 18-year-old male with Crohn's colitis.
  • Review of clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging (V/Q scan, CTPA, chest X-ray, chest CT), and microbiological findings (Sputum culture).
  • Analysis of treatment course including anti-TNF therapy, steroids, azathioprine, and antibiotics.

Main Results:

  • The patient presented with pleuritic chest pain.
  • Initial investigations (V/Q scan, CTPA) were inconclusive for pulmonary embolism but suggested consolidation.
  • A large hydro-pneumothorax was diagnosed two weeks later, with sputum cultures growing Staphylococcus aureus, leading to the suspected diagnosis of a broncho-pleural fistula.

Conclusions:

  • Broncho-pleural fistula is a rare but serious complication that can occur in Crohn's disease patients, particularly those on immunosuppressive therapy.
  • Persistent chest pain and evolving radiographic findings should prompt further investigation beyond initial assessments.
  • Prompt diagnosis and management of broncho-pleural fistula are crucial for patient outcomes.