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Related Concept Videos

Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall of a...
Anaphase A and B01:39

Anaphase A and B

Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
Plus-end depolymerization releases tubulin heterodimers from the terminal region of the microtubule. As tubulin subunits are lost, the Ndc80 complexes detach...
Meiosis II02:02

Meiosis II

Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...
Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos
13:59

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

Published on: June 14, 2012

Kinetochore dynamics: how protein dynamics affect chromosome segregation.

Jonas F Dorn1, Paul S Maddox

  • 1Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|January 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Protein dynamics drive cellular architecture, particularly in kinetochores crucial for cell division. This review explores how kinetochore protein dynamics influence chromosome movement during mitosis.

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Live Cell Imaging of Chromosome Segregation During Mitosis
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos
13:59

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

Published on: June 14, 2012

Live Cell Imaging of Chromosome Segregation During Mitosis
06:39

Live Cell Imaging of Chromosome Segregation During Mitosis

Published on: March 14, 2018

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
05:35

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Published on: March 3, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Cellular architecture is dynamically regulated by protein interactions.
  • Kinetochores are essential protein complexes that mediate chromosome segregation during cell division (mitosis).
  • Understanding the dynamic nature of kinetochore proteins is key to comprehending mitotic progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of protein dynamics at kinetochores.
  • To elucidate how these dynamics influence chromosome motility during mitosis.
  • To highlight the adaptive nature of cellular structures driven by protein dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on kinetochore structure and function.
  • Analysis of research on protein turnover and localization at kinetochores.
  • Synthesis of data linking protein dynamics to chromosome movement mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Kinetochore protein composition is highly dynamic, with rapid turnover of specific subunits.
  • These dynamic protein interactions are crucial for establishing and maintaining kinetochore-microtubule attachments.
  • Variations in protein dynamics directly correlate with the efficiency and accuracy of chromosome motility.

Conclusions:

  • Protein dynamics are fundamental to the adaptive function of kinetochores.
  • The dynamic regulation of kinetochore proteins is a critical determinant of chromosome segregation fidelity.
  • Further research into kinetochore protein dynamics will illuminate mechanisms of mitotic regulation and potential therapeutic targets.