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Pivot Bearings01:23

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In mechanical systems, bearings are crucial in facilitating relative motion between two components while minimizing friction and wear. They help distribute various loads (radial, axial or a combination of both loads) across machinery parts, ensuring smooth and efficient operation.
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Rotational Motion about a Fixed Axis

A rigid body's rotation around a fixed axis makes every point within it trace a circular path around a specific line or point. The term given to this type of spinning is defined by the angular position, symbolized by the angle θ. This angle is gauged from a static reference line to the revolving object. From this angular position, any variation is referred to as angular displacement, denoted by dθ. The extent of this displacement can be calculated in degrees, radians, or revolutions, where one...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
10:41

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Published on: December 14, 2011

The pivot shift: a global user guide.

Volker Musahl1, Yuichi Hoshino, Mattias Ahlden

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3200 S Water Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA. musahlv@upmc.edu

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the ESSKA
|January 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantitative measurements for the pivot shift test vary. A standardized pivot shift test using gentle forces may improve assessment of outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Biomechanics
  • Sports medicine

Background:

  • The pivot shift test is crucial for diagnosing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries.
  • Current techniques for the pivot shift test yield inconsistent quantitative measurements.
  • Variability in surgeon techniques complicates objective assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze and categorize surgeon-specific pivot shift test maneuvers.
  • To identify key elements for a standardized pivot shift test.
  • To propose a universally applicable, standardized pivot shift test protocol.

Main Methods:

  • Twelve expert surgeons performed the pivot shift test on cadaveric lower extremities using their preferred techniques.
  • An electromagnetic system measured anterior tibial translation and acceleration.
  • Surgeons repeated the test after training on a standardized technique, with measurements compared.

Main Results:

  • Surgeons employed diverse techniques, including fixed internal/external rotation and motion-allowing maneuvers.
  • Average anterior tibial translation was 15.9 mm, and average tibial acceleration was 3.3 mm/s².
  • Clinical grading showed no significant differences based on stress levels or rotation techniques.

Conclusions:

  • Significant variability exists in clinical grading, tibial translation, and acceleration during the pivot shift test.
  • High forces and extreme rotation are not essential for a clinically detectable pivot shift.
  • A standardized, gentle, motion-allowing pivot shift test may enhance outcome assessment post-ACL reconstruction.