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Related Concept Videos

Cholecystitis01:20

Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, most commonly caused by obstruction of the cystic duct. This blockage prevents bile from draining, leading to gallbladder distension, inflammation, and potentially serious complications. This condition may present acutely or chronically and can happen with or without gallstones.EtiologyAbout 95% of cholecystitis cases are calculous, caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, leading to bile accumulation and inflammation of the gallbladder...
Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction01:22

Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction

Esophageal perforation is a severe medical condition characterized by a breach in the integrity of the esophageal wall. This breach can occur due to various factors such as trauma, medical procedures, or underlying diseases. When the esophageal wall is compromised, it allows food, fluids, and digestive juices into the chest cavity or adjacent structures, leading to potential complications and health risks.
The location of esophageal perforation can vary, occurring anywhere along the esophagus.
Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:28

Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Esophageal perforations manifest in various clinical forms, influenced by factors such as the perforation's cause and location (cervical, intrathoracic, or intra-abdominal), the extent of contamination, and potential injury to adjacent mediastinal structures. The timing between the perforation occurrence and treatment initiation also affects the clinical presentation.
Clinical Manifestations:
Gallbladder01:17

Gallbladder

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ that plays a crucial role in our digestive system. Measuring about 10 cm in length, it is comparable in size to a kiwi fruit and is located in a hollow area on the lower surface of the liver. The gallbladder's primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a fluid produced by the liver that aids in digestion.
The gallbladder's anatomy consists of three regions: the fundus, body, and neck. Extending from the neck, the cystic duct joins the common...
Appendicitis01:19

Appendicitis

Appendicitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the vermiform appendix, most commonly caused by obstruction of its lumen. The appendix is a narrow, blind-ended pouch that extends from the cecum, making it particularly prone to obstruction. Causes include fecaliths, lymphoid hyperplasia (often after viral infections), parasites, tumors, or foreign bodies. This obstruction initiates a cascade of pathological changes.Luminal Obstruction and Early InflammationAfter obstruction, normal mucosal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Intraoperative Video Consultation Following Bile Duct Transection Facilitates Direct OR Transfer for Robotic Hepaticojejunostomy at Tertiary Center
07:48

Intraoperative Video Consultation Following Bile Duct Transection Facilitates Direct OR Transfer for Robotic Hepaticojejunostomy at Tertiary Center

Published on: January 9, 2026

Gallbladder perforation: case series and systematic review.

Ravindra S Date1, Sri G Thrumurthy, Sigrid Whiteside

  • 1Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston PR2 9HT, UK. ravidate@hotmail.com

International Journal of Surgery (London, England)
|January 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Gallbladder perforation, a complication of acute cholecystitis, requires consistent reporting using Niemeier's classification. A new algorithm aids management of complex type II perforations to reduce mortality.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Intraoperative Video Consultation Following Bile Duct Transection Facilitates Direct OR Transfer for Robotic Hepaticojejunostomy at Tertiary Center
07:48

Intraoperative Video Consultation Following Bile Duct Transection Facilitates Direct OR Transfer for Robotic Hepaticojejunostomy at Tertiary Center

Published on: January 9, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Surgical Pathology
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Gallbladder perforation is a severe complication of acute cholecystitis.
  • Management strategies have evolved since Niemeier's 1934 classification.
  • This review examines the natural progression and classification challenges of gallbladder perforations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence on gallbladder perforation progression and Niemeier's classification.
  • To propose a management algorithm for complex type II gallbladder perforations.
  • To minimize morbidity and mortality associated with gallbladder perforations.

Main Methods:

  • Combined data from a retrospective case series (2004-2008) and a systematic literature review.
  • Systematic review searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library.
  • Outcome data analyzed using SPSS version 15.

Main Results:

  • 198 patients included; mean age 62.1 years; 55.4% male.
  • Type II perforations were most common (median 46.2%), followed by Type I (median 40.6%).
  • Overall median mortality was 10.8%; perforation type did not significantly affect mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized reporting via Niemeier's classification is crucial to prevent data heterogeneity.
  • A proposed algorithm aims to guide the management of complex type II gallbladder perforations.
  • The goal is to reduce subsequent morbidity and mortality in patients with gallbladder perforations.