From small to big molecules: how do we prevent and delay the progression of age-related neurodegeneration?

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience and Nutraceutical Science
• Gerontology and Age-Related Diseases

Background:

• Age-related neurodegeneration involves neuronal and glial cell dysfunction, exacerbated by systemic inflammation and risk factors.
• Conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) are chronic, multifactorial diseases.
• Established risk factors include hyperhomocysteinemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and mood disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the potential of nutraceuticals for preventing or delaying age-related neurodegeneration.
• To explore the direct neuroprotective effects of compounds like phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.
• To assess the indirect impact of nutraceuticals on peripheral disease-related risk factors.

Main Methods:

• Integrative review of scientific literature on nutraceuticals and neurodegeneration.
• Analysis of studies investigating small molecules (phenolic compounds) and large molecules (polysaccharides).
• Examination of effects on neuronal pathways and systemic risk factors.

Main Results:

• Phenolic compounds demonstrate neuroprotection via antioxidant activities and modulation of intracellular signaling.
• Polysaccharides, despite complex structures, offer neuroprotective benefits and broad action against risk factors.
• Nutraceuticals can act directly on neuronal degeneration mechanisms and indirectly on peripheral risk factors.

Conclusions:

• Nutraceuticals, including phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, represent a viable strategy for preventing age-related neurodegeneration.
• An integrative approach targeting both direct neuronal effects and indirect risk factor modulation is effective.
• Further research into nutraceutical interventions can offer new therapeutic avenues for AD, PD, and AMD.