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Related Concept Videos

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

Oligosaccharide Assembly

Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
Carbohydrate Absorption01:25

Carbohydrate Absorption

Carbohydrates are essential macronutrients that serve as the body's primary energy source. Their digestion begins in the mouth, where salivary amylase partially breaks down complex carbohydrates such as starch into smaller oligosaccharides. This mechanical and enzymatic activity prepares carbohydrates for further processing in the gastrointestinal tract.
After being swallowed, the partially digested carbohydrates mix with gastric secretions in the stomach. However, the acidic environment...
Introduction to Carbohydrates01:34

Introduction to Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary macronutrients in the human diet. However, carbohydrates are the most favored source of energy in the body. They can be found in a wide variety of foods, including whole grains, fruit, and vegetables, in various forms, such as sugars, starch, and dietary fiber. Based on their structure, carbohydrates are classified into three main classes— monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. The body's cells can only utilize simple...
Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:

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Updated: May 26, 2026

High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles
14:37

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Published on: July 6, 2012

Monosaccharides versus PEG-functionalized NPs: influence in the cellular uptake.

María Moros1, Bruno Hernáez, Elina Garet

  • 1Biofunctionalization of Nanoparticles and Surfaces (BioNanoSurf), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.

ACS Nano
|January 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Controlling nanoparticle surface density is key to preventing unwanted cell uptake. Glucose-coated magnetic nanoparticles showed unique cellular internalization via lipid rafts and caveolae, suggesting carbohydrates as alternatives to PEG for nanoparticle functionalization.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) show promise for biomedical uses like MRI and hyperthermia.
  • Understanding cell-NP interactions and viability is crucial for safe in vivo applications.
  • Controlling NP surface composition is vital to manage cellular uptake.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of surface biomolecule type and density on magnetic NP cytotoxicity and cellular uptake.
  • To correlate physicochemical properties of NPs with their biological interactions.
  • To explore alternative surface functionalization strategies for NPs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized and characterized 6 nm magnetic NPs with varying densities of glucose, galactose, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG).
  • Controlled protein adsorption, size distribution, and grafting density.
  • Assessed NP cytotoxicity and cellular uptake mechanisms in Vero cells.

Main Results:

  • NP surface molecule density critically influenced unspecific uptake by Vero cells.
  • Glucose-coated NPs exhibited cellular uptake via lipid raft and caveolae-mediated endocytosis, not clathrin-mediated pathways.
  • Functionalized NPs were ultimately found in lysosomes, indicating a specific endocytic pathway.

Conclusions:

  • Simple carbohydrates like glucose can be effective alternatives to PEG for NP functionalization when controlled cellular uptake is desired.
  • Surface engineering of NPs is essential for optimizing their biomedical applications and safety.
  • Caveolae-mediated endocytosis of NPs presents a novel pathway for targeted delivery.