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Related Concept Videos

Internal Combustion Engine01:20

Internal Combustion Engine

The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that uses the byproducts of combustion as the working fluid instead of using a heat transfer medium to transfer heat. The combustion is done in a way that produces high-pressure combustion products that can be expanded through a turbine or piston to create work. Internal combustion engines can again be categorized into three kinds: (1) spark ignition gasoline engines, most commonly used in automobiles, (2) compression ignition diesel engines that...
Electric Generator: Alternator01:25

Electric Generator: Alternator

Electric generators induce an emf by rotating a coil in a magnetic field. A simple alternator is an AC generator that creates electrical energy that varies sinusoidally with time. A simple alternator consists of a conducting loop that is placed inside a uniform magnetic field. The loop is connected to split rings connected to the external circuit with the help of brushes.
The magnetic flux passing through the coil varies sinusoidally as the loop rotates inside the magnetic field. This...
Heat Engines01:10

Heat Engines

A heat engine is a device used to extract heat from a source and then convert it into mechanical work used for various applications. For example, a steam engine on an old-style train can produce the work needed for driving the train.
Whenever we consider heat engines (and associated devices such as refrigerators and heat pumps), we do not use the standard sign convention for heat and work. For convenience, we assume that the symbols Qh, Qc, and W represent only the amounts of heat transferred...
Otto and Diesel Cycle01:27

Otto and Diesel Cycle

An Otto engine is a four-stroke engine that uses a mixture of gasoline and air as the working fuel. The fuel is injected into the cylinder, and the piston is moved completely down so that the cylinder is at maximum volume. By moving the piston up, adiabatic compression takes place. The spark plug ignites the gasoline-air mixture, and the burning fuel adds heat to the system at a constant volume. The heated mixture expands adiabatically and gets further cooled by exhausting heat, and this cyclic...
Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

A Rapid Method for Modeling a Variable Cycle Engine
04:58

A Rapid Method for Modeling a Variable Cycle Engine

Published on: August 13, 2019

What makes the engine hum: Rad6, a cell cycle supercharger.

Jorrit M Enserink1, Richard D Kolodner

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Centre of Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. jorrit.enserink@rr-research.no

Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)
|January 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified the Rad6-Bre1 pathway as crucial for cell cycle control in yeast. This pathway links ubiquitin levels to cyclin gene transcription, impacting cell viability and progression.

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

A Rapid Method for Modeling a Variable Cycle Engine
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Improving the Combustion Performance of a Hybrid Rocket Engine using a Novel Fuel Grain with a Nested Helical Structure
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Published on: January 18, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are critical regulators of cell proliferation and are frequently deregulated in human cancers.
  • In yeast, Cdc28 is a key CDK controlling cell cycle progression, but its regulatory network is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify genes functioning with CDC28 to regulate cell cycle progression and viability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • To elucidate the genetic network of CDC28.

Main Methods:

  • A chemical-genetic screen was employed to identify genes interacting with CDC28.
  • Analysis focused on the functional connections within the identified genetic network.

Main Results:

  • The Rad6-Bre1 pathway was discovered to be part of the CDC28 genetic network.
  • This pathway connects ubiquitin levels to cell cycle progression.
  • Rad6-Bre1 enhances cyclin gene transcription, thereby boosting cell cycle machinery activity.

Conclusions:

  • The Rad6-Bre1 pathway plays a significant role in regulating cell cycle progression and viability in yeast.
  • Ubiquitin modification is a key mechanism linking gene expression to cell cycle control.