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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

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Phase and electrical behaviour in Bi4NbO8.5.

M Holdynski1, M Sintyureva, X Liu

  • 1Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. mholdinski@ichf.edu.pl

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|January 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals two phases in bismuth niobate, Bi(4)NbO(8.5). The low-temperature phase facilitates electronic conduction, while the high-temperature phase

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Materials science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Bismuth niobate (Bi(4)NbO(8.5)) is a material with potential applications in electronics.
  • Understanding its phase behavior and electrical properties is crucial for material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phase and electrical behavior of bismuth niobate (Bi(4)NbO(8.5)).
  • To characterize the different crystalline phases and their associated electrical properties.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray and neutron powder diffraction for phase identification.
  • Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for thermal stability.
  • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for surface chemistry.
  • AC impedance spectroscopy for electrical conductivity.

Main Results:

  • Two polymorphs were identified: a tetragonal phase (type III) above 800 °C and a pseudo-cubic phase (type II) at lower temperatures.
  • The type II phase exhibits defect structures with niobate polyhedra chains, facilitating electronic conduction.
  • The type III phase formation is sensitive to experimental conditions, linked to oxygen stoichiometry changes.

Conclusions:

  • Bismuth niobate exhibits distinct phase transitions affecting its electrical properties.
  • The defect structure of the low-temperature phase is key to its electronic conductivity.
  • Oxygen stoichiometry plays a significant role in the high-temperature phase stability.