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Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Tracking Hypoxic Signaling within Encapsulated Cell Aggregates
09:14

Tracking Hypoxic Signaling within Encapsulated Cell Aggregates

Published on: December 16, 2011

Tracking hypoxic signaling within encapsulated cell aggregates.

Matthew L Skiles1, Suchit Sahai, James O Blanchette

  • 1Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, USA.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|January 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synthetic poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels offer a biocompatible encapsulation method for pancreatic islet transplantation. This study details rapid photo-crosslinking techniques and a novel hypoxia detection system for improved cell viability and function in encapsulated tissues.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) involves autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia.
  • Pancreatic tissue transplantation is an alternative to insulin therapy, aiming for natural normoglycemia restoration.
  • Current encapsulation materials like alginate can cause inflammation and impede nutrient transport, necessitating improved biomaterials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and describe a rapid photo-crosslinking method for creating poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogel capsules for pancreatic tissue encapsulation.
  • To investigate the biocompatibility and cell-supporting properties of these PEG hydrogels.
  • To establish a method for detecting hypoxic cells within encapsulated tissues due to diffusion-limited oxygen supply.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of PEG hydrogels using photo-crosslinking of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM) initiated by UV degradation of Irgacure 2959.
  • Encapsulation of MIN6 pancreatic beta-cell aggregates within the PEG hydrogels.
  • Development of a hypoxia detection system using a recombinant adenovirus expressing a red fluorescent protein (DsRed) under a hypoxia-responsive element (HRE) to report on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activation.

Main Results:

  • Rapid (within 10 minutes) and efficient formation of PEG hydrogels that support cell viability and function.
  • Demonstrated that low concentrations of photoinitiator and brief UV exposure do not harm encapsulated cells.
  • Successfully detected hypoxic conditions within encapsulated MIN6 cell aggregates using the HRE-driven fluorescent reporter system, correlating with increased HIF-1α expression and reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.

Conclusions:

  • Photo-crosslinked PEG hydrogels provide a rapid, biocompatible, and effective method for encapsulating pancreatic cells.
  • The developed hypoxia detection system allows for efficient monitoring of oxygen levels and cellular stress within encapsulated tissues.
  • These advancements hold promise for improving the efficacy and long-term survival of encapsulated pancreatic grafts for T1DM treatment.