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Spatial mapping of city-wide PBDE levels using an exponential decay model
Laurence K Hearn1, Karen Kennedy, Darryl W Hawker
1The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
Passive air samplers effectively monitored polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) across Brisbane. PBDE levels were highest in commercial and industrial areas, decreasing with distance from the city center.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Chemistry
- Atmospheric Science
- Pollutant Monitoring
Background:
- Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants with potential environmental and health impacts.
- Understanding the spatial distribution of PBDEs is crucial for assessing exposure risks and identifying emission sources.
- Passive air samplers (PAS) offer a cost-effective method for long-term air quality monitoring.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess the spatial distribution of PBDEs in the Brisbane airshed using passive air samplers.
- To investigate the relationship between PBDE concentrations and land use categories and distance from the city center.
- To evaluate the effectiveness of PAS for monitoring citywide PBDE trends.
Main Methods:
- Deployment of passive air samplers (PUF disks) at six outdoor monitoring stations across diverse land use types in Brisbane.
- Collection of air samples over three consecutive seasons starting in winter 2008.
- Analysis of five PBDE congeners (BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100, and 209) and application of an empirical exponential decay model.
Main Results:
- PBDE levels (∑(5) PBDEs) were significantly higher (8 times) at commercial and industrial sites compared to residential and semi-rural sites.
- An exponential decay model effectively described the decrease in PBDE concentrations (excluding BDE-209) with increasing distance from the CBD (r² = 0.99).
- BDE-209, predominantly associated with particulate matter, showed a potential primary source at an industrial site and increased model error.
Conclusions:
- Passive air samplers are effective for monitoring regional PBDE differences across urban environments.
- PBDE concentrations decrease exponentially with distance from urban centers, correlating with population density.
- Particulate-bound PBDEs like BDE-209 may require specific approaches for spatial trend analysis, focusing on 'hotspot' identification.
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