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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology
05:38

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Published on: June 29, 2021

Semantic picture-word interference is a postperceptual effect.

Tatiana T Schnur1, Randi Martin

  • 1Department of Psychology MS 25, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, USA. ttschnur@rice.edu

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|January 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Semantic picture-word interference (PWI) slows naming when distractors are related. This study used the psychological refractory period paradigm to show PWI occurs during response selection or later in word production.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Neuroscience of Language

Background:

  • Semantic picture-word interference (PWI) demonstrates that the meaning of a distractor word slows picture naming.
  • The precise stage of word production where this semantic interference occurs remains debated, with theories proposing effects at various processing levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temporal dynamics of semantic PWI within the word production system.
  • To determine whether semantic PWI arises during perceptual encoding, response selection, or later stages of vocalization.

Main Methods:

  • The psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm was employed, requiring participants to perform two tasks sequentially.
  • Participants identified a tone, followed by naming a picture while ignoring a distractor word (semantically related or unrelated) at varying stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs).

Main Results:

  • Equivalent semantic PWI effects were observed at both short and long SOAs between the tone identification and picture naming tasks.
  • This pattern suggests that the semantic interference does not occur during early perceptual encoding but rather during later stages of processing.

Conclusions:

  • The findings indicate that semantic competition in word production occurs at response selection or subsequent stages.
  • These results challenge theories suggesting competitive selection operates at multiple levels of the word production system and question the fundamental differences between Stroop and semantic PWI effects.