Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 26, 2026

Sampling Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood from Lateral Tail Vein in Rats During EEG Recordings
Published on: September 1, 2023
CSF concentrations and serum protein binding of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in epileptic patients
S I Johannessen1, M Gerna, J Bakke
1National Hospital for Epilepsy, 1300 Sandvika, Norway.
Abstract:
Serum and CSF samples of patients receiving chronic carbamazepine treatment were analysed. Daily fluctuations in serum levels of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide did not appear to be related to the dosage schedule, but some patients tended to have lower fluctuations when the carbamazepine was given more frequently. The epoxide/carbamazepine serum ratios varied greatly from patient to patient, and also fluctuated during the day for the same patient. Carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide were present in CSF in concentrations ranging from 19 to 34% and 26 to 71% of the serum concentrations, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the free fraction of both drugs evaluated in vivo and the CSF/serum ratios. The need for a careful evaluation of the possible clinical effect of the epoxide is stressed.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers
Calcium channel blockers exert their antiepileptic effects by targeting T-type calcium channels, which are integral to transmitting nerve signals in the central nervous system. These channels allow the passage of calcium ions, which are vital for neuronal communication. By inhibiting T-type calcium channels, calcium channel blockers effectively reduce the release of neurotransmitters and...
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for their...
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

