Management of the dialysis patient in general intensive care

The incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is rising and represents an important group of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). ESRD patients have significant co-morbidities and specific medical requirements. Renal replacement therapy (RRT), cardiovascular disease, disorders of electrolytes, drug metabolism, and sepsis are discussed. This review provides a practical approach to problems specific to the ESRD patient and common problems on ICU that require special consideration in ESRD patients. ESRD patients are at risk of hyperkalaemia. I.V. insulin and nebulized salbutamol lower serum potassium until definitive treatment with RRT is instituted. ESRD patients are prone to hypocalcaemia, which requires i.v. replacement if associated with complications. Midazolam has delayed metabolism and elimination in renal impairment and should be avoided. Morphine and its derivatives accumulate in renal failure and shorter-acting opiates are preferable. The use of diuretics is limited to patients with residual urine output. When required, therapeutic systemic anticoagulation should be achieved with unfractionated heparin as it is reversible and its metabolism and clearance are independent of renal function. The risk of sepsis is higher among ESRD patients when compared with patients with normal renal function. Empiric treatment should include both Gram-positive and Gram-negative cover, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus cover if the patient has a dialysis catheter. Cardiovascular events account for the majority of deaths among ESRD patients. Troponin-I and CK-MB in combination should be used as markers of acute myocardial damage in the appropriate context, whereas B-type natriuretic peptide and troponin-T values are of less value.