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Related Concept Videos

SN2 Reaction: Mechanism02:27

SN2 Reaction: Mechanism

The kinetic studies of SN2 reactions suggest an essential feature of its mechanism: it is a single-step process without intermediates. Here, both the nucleophile and the substrate participate in the rate-determining step.
The presence of the more electronegative halogen in the substrate creates a polarized carbon-halide bond. The halide pulls the electron cloud generating an electrophilic center at the carbon atom. Thus, the carbon atom carries a partial positive charge while the halide has a...
SN1 Reaction: Mechanism02:25

SN1 Reaction: Mechanism

Kinetic studies of ionization of a tertiary halide in a protic solvent suggest that only the substrate participates in the rate-determining step (slow step). The nucleophile is involved only after the slowest step. The SN1 reaction takes place in a multiple-step mechanism. 
Firstly, the haloalkane ionizes to generate a carbocation intermediate and a halide ion. This heterolytic cleavage is highly endothermic with large activation energy. The ionization of the substrate, facilitated by a polar...
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)01:30

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)

Nucleophilic substitution in aromatic compounds is feasible in substrates bearing strong electron-withdrawing substituents positioned ortho or para to the leaving group. The reaction proceeds via two steps: the addition of the nucleophile and the elimination of the leaving group.
The reaction begins with an attack of the nucleophile on the carbon that holds the leaving group. This results in the delocalization of the π electrons over the ring carbons. The resonance interaction between the...
SN2 Reaction: Transition State02:26

SN2 Reaction: Transition State

An SN2 reaction of an alkyl halide is a single-step process in which bond formation between the nucleophile and the substrate and bond breaking between the substrate and the halide occurs simultaneously through a transition state without forming an intermediate.
When the nucleophile approaches the electrophilic carbon with its lone pairs, the halide acts as a leaving group and moves away with the electron-pair bonded to the carbon. Dotted partial bonds represent the bonds being formed or broken...
SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry02:15

SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry

This lesson provides an in-depth discussion of the stereochemical outcomes in an SN1 reaction.
In the first step of an SN1 reaction, the bond between the electrophilic carbon and the leaving group ionizes to generate the carbocation intermediate. The second step of the mechanism is the nucleophilic attack.
In the formed carbocation, the positively charged carbon is sp2 hybridized with a trigonal planar geometry. As all the three substituents lie on the same plane, a plane of symmetry for the...
SN2 Reaction: Stereochemistry02:23

SN2 Reaction: Stereochemistry

In an SN2 reaction, the nucleophilic attack on the substrate and departure of the leaving group occurs simultaneously through a transition state. As the nucleophile approaches the substrate from the back-side, the configuration of the substrate carbon changes from tetrahedral to trigonal bipyramidal and then back to tetrahedral, leading to an inversion in the configuration of the product.
If the substrate is an achiral molecule at the α-carbon, the inversion of configuration is not observed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry
16:11

Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 8, 2022

La(5)Zn(2)Sn.

Igor Oshchapovsky, Volodymyr Pavlyuk, Grygoriy Dmytriv

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 6, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers synthesized a new intermetallic compound, penta-lanthanum dizinc stannide (La5Zn2Sn), revealing its unique crystal structure. This finding advances the understanding of complex metal stannide materials and their structural characteristics.

    Area of Science:

    • Solid-state chemistry
    • Crystallography
    • Materials science

    Background:

    • Ternary intermetallic compounds offer diverse structural motifs.
    • The Mo(5)SiB(2) structure type is a known ternary ordered variant of the Cr(5)B(3) structure type.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To synthesize and characterize a novel ternary intermetallic compound.
    • To determine the crystal structure of penta-lanthanum dizinc stannide (La5Zn2Sn).

    Main Methods:

    • Single crystal growth from elements in a resistance furnace.
    • X-ray crystallography for structure determination.

    Main Results:

    • A single crystal of La5Zn2Sn was successfully obtained.
    • The compound crystallizes in the Mo(5)SiB(2) structure type.

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  • Detailed atomic positions and site symmetries were determined.

    • Conclusions:

    • La5Zn2Sn represents a new compound within the Mo(5)SiB(2) structure type.
    • The crystal structure is characterized by lanthanum-centered bicapped tetragonal antiprisms and interstitial zinc atoms.