Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...

Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic antagonists bind to cholinergic receptors and limit the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic agonists. Based on the specific cholinergic receptor affinity, these antagonists are classified as muscarinic or nicotinic. Anticholinergics interrupt parasympathetic innervations while sympathetic innervations remain uninterrupted. Muscarinic antagonists are also called 'muscarinic antagonists', 'antimuscarinics', or 'parasympatholytics'. Nicotinic antagonists are called...

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –&NoBreak;NH2, –OCH3

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH₃, –OH, –⁠NH₂, –OCH₃

All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations, while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the conjunctiva.

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Distribution and bioactivities of tirucallane-type triterpenoids from Meliaceae family.

Natural products and bioprospecting·2026

Same author

New Endiandric Acid from <i>Beilschmiedia lumutensis</i> and Their Molecular Docking Study as α-amylase and α-glucosidase Inhibitors.

Tropical life sciences research·2026

Same author

Isolation of butenolide compounds from endophytic <i>Aspergillus terreus</i> GDC2 associated with <i>Garcinia cowa</i> and their anti-MRSA activity: <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in silico</i> insights.

Natural product research·2026

Same author

Swiemagalins A-C: three new phragmalins from the stem barks of Indonesian <i>Swietenia mahagoni</i> and cytotoxic activities.

Natural product research·2026

Same author

Saffron as a natural modulator of reverse cholesterol transport genes in atherosclerotic rabbits, with molecular docking insights.

Scientific reports·2025

Same author

Targeted isolation and identification of isoquinoline alkaloids from Xylopia ferruginea bark with anti Aβ-induced paralysis activity.

Fitoterapia·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

Published on: February 15, 2016

1-Meth-oxy-4-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone.

Che Puteh Osman, Rohaya Ahmad, Nor Hadiani Ismail

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|January 6, 2012

Summary

Structural analysis of C(16)H(12)O(3) reveals that non-hydrogen atoms approximate a common plane. Steric hindrance causes a widened angle between the fused ring, benzene, and methyl carbon atoms.

Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Crystallography

Background:

Understanding molecular geometry is crucial for predicting chemical properties.
The title compound, C(16)H(12)O(3), presents an interesting case for structural investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the precise three-dimensional structure of C(16)H(12)O(3).
To investigate the spatial arrangement of atoms and identify any deviations from planarity.

Main Methods:

X-ray crystallography was employed to analyze the crystal structure.
Analysis of atomic coordinates and bond angles provided geometric insights.

Main Results:

The non-hydrogen atoms of C(16)H(12)O(3) were found to lie approximately in a common plane (r.m.s. deviation = 0.032 Å).

More Related Videos

Optimized Griess Reaction for UV-Vis and Naked-eye Determination of Anti-malarial Primaquine

Optimized Griess Reaction for UV-Vis and Naked-eye Determination of Anti-malarial Primaquine

Published on: October 11, 2019

In Silico Modeling Method for Computational Aquatic Toxicology of Endocrine Disruptors: A Software-Based Approach Using QSAR Toolbox

In Silico Modeling Method for Computational Aquatic Toxicology of Endocrine Disruptors: A Software-Based Approach Using QSAR Toolbox

Published on: August 28, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

Published on: February 15, 2016

Optimized Griess Reaction for UV-Vis and Naked-eye Determination of Anti-malarial Primaquine

Optimized Griess Reaction for UV-Vis and Naked-eye Determination of Anti-malarial Primaquine

Published on: October 11, 2019

In Silico Modeling Method for Computational Aquatic Toxicology of Endocrine Disruptors: A Software-Based Approach Using QSAR Toolbox

In Silico Modeling Method for Computational Aquatic Toxicology of Endocrine Disruptors: A Software-Based Approach Using QSAR Toolbox

Published on: August 28, 2019

A widened C(fused ring)-C(benzene)-C(methyl) angle of 125.8(2)° was observed, indicating steric interaction.

Conclusions:

The molecule exhibits near-planar geometry for its non-hydrogen framework.
Steric effects influence the local geometry around the methyl group, pushing it away from the carbonyl oxygen.