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Related Concept Videos

Transcription01:10

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
Responses to Salt Stress02:02

Responses to Salt Stress

Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.
Transduction01:16

Transduction

Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome are...
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...

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Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform
11:08

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Published on: January 13, 2019

Spaceflight transcriptomes: unique responses to a novel environment.

Anna-Lisa Paul1, Agata K Zupanska, Dejerianne T Ostrow

  • 1Horticultural Sciences and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

Astrobiology
|January 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Spaceflight alters plant gene expression, with undifferentiated cells showing a significant stress response. This confirms that plants adapt to space through gene expression changes, even without specialized gravity-sensing structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Space biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The spaceflight environment poses unique biological challenges, particularly regarding gravity's effects.
  • Understanding plant responses to spaceflight is crucial as space exploration advances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the orbital environment induces gene expression changes in plants.
  • To determine if undifferentiated plant cells perceive and respond to spaceflight.

Main Methods:

  • Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and cultured cells were exposed to spaceflight conditions on STS-131 (BRIC-16 experiment).
  • DNA microarray and RNA digital transcript profiling were used to analyze gene expression.
  • Differential gene expression was assessed in both intact seedlings and undifferentiated cell cultures.

Main Results:

  • Several hundred genes in both seedlings and cell cultures showed significant changes in expression due to launch and spaceflight.
  • Seedlings exhibited a moderate response, with few genes showing substantial induction.
  • Cultured cells displayed a more pronounced response, with numerous stress- and heat shock-related genes upregulated.

Conclusions:

  • Plant survival in spaceflight necessitates adaptive changes reflected in gene expression.
  • Undifferentiated plant cells can detect spaceflight, independent of specialized gravity-sensing tissues.