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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...
X and Y Chromosomes02:32

X and Y Chromosomes

Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
05:44

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: October 13, 2023

Sex gender and autoimmunity.

Yehuda Shoenfeld, Angela Tincani, M Eric Gershwin

    Journal of Autoimmunity
    |January 7, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    Women face a higher risk of developing autoimmune diseases, a persistent issue in clinical autoimmunity. Research is exploring the geoepidemiology and sex-based differences in autoimmune conditions.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Epidemiology
    • Endocrinology

    Background:

    • The 7th International Congress of Autoimmunity highlighted unresolved clinical issues, notably the geoepidemiology of autoimmunity.
    • A significant concern is the increased prevalence of autoimmune diseases in women compared to men.

    Discussion:

    • This volume addresses critical issues in sex, gender, and autoimmunity, building on discussions from the 7th Congress.
    • The persistent sex disparity in autoimmune disease incidence, such as rheumatoid arthritis, has been observed consistently across various studies and regions.

    Key Insights:

    • The higher incidence of autoimmune diseases in women is a well-documented phenomenon.
    • Early lupus mouse models (NZB × NZW F1) provided initial insights into sex hormone influences on the immune response.

    More Related Videos

    Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
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    Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates
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    Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates

    Published on: January 27, 2019

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    Last Updated: May 26, 2026

    Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
    05:44

    Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

    Published on: October 13, 2023

    Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
    11:12

    Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

    Published on: April 11, 2019

    Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates
    13:55

    Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates

    Published on: January 27, 2019

    Outlook:

    • The 8th Congress of Autoimmunity aims to tackle these critical issues in sex and gender differences in autoimmunity.
    • Further research into the geoepidemiology and underlying mechanisms of sex-based disparities in autoimmune diseases is warranted.