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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State01:21

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...

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Hypoglycaemia Was Not Associated With Depression, Anxiety, Diabetes Distress or Fear of Hypoglycaemia Scores in People With Type 1 or Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes in the Hypo-METRICS Study.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2026
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Elecoglipron, an oral small molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist in adults with type 2 diabetes (SOLSTICE): a multicentre, phase 2b, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

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Gold and Clarke Questionnaires Identify Different People With Insulin-Treated Diabetes and Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycaemia in Almost 60% of Cases: A Post Hoc Analysis From the Hypo-METRICS Study.

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Heart Failure in Type 1 vs. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Shared Pathways, Distinct Challenges.

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Exploring the gap between sensor-detected (SDH) and person-reported hypoglycaemia (PRH): The voice of people living with diabetes.

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'There is more to life than HbA<sub>1c</sub>': A comprehensive qualitative framework from the Hypo-RESOLVE project evidencing the impacts of hypoglycaemia on the quality of life of adults living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

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Updated: May 26, 2026

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing
10:32

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Published on: January 11, 2013

Update in the CNS response to hypoglycemia.

Rory J McCrimmon1

  • 1University of Dundee, Biomedical Research Institute, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK. r.mccrimmon@dundee.ac.uk

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|January 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Hypoglycemia in diabetes management is a significant challenge. Understanding the brain's response to low blood sugar is crucial for developing better therapies, especially for type 1 diabetes.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Hypoglycemia is a major clinical problem in managing type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
  • Defective counterregulation, particularly after repeated hypoglycemia, impairs the body's response to low blood sugar.
  • The central nervous system plays a key role in detecting hypoglycemia and initiating counterregulatory responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent human studies on the central nervous system effects of hypoglycemia.
  • To compare findings from human studies with animal research.
  • To discuss implications for future therapeutic interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies published within the last two years.
  • Focus on neuroimaging techniques in human subjects.

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  • Comparison of human data with animal studies.

    • Main Results:

    • Understanding of brain adaptation to recurrent hypoglycemia remains limited.
    • Current therapies show little efficacy in preventing severe hypoglycemia or improving awareness in type 1 diabetes.
    • Urgent need to understand the development of defective counterregulation in type 1 diabetes.

    Conclusions:

    • Further research into the central nervous system's role in hypoglycemia is essential.
    • Translating basic science findings into human studies is critical for clinical intervention.
    • Novel therapeutic strategies are needed to address defective counterregulation and improve hypoglycemia management.