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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

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Behavioral Genetics and Its Designs

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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Epigenetics in Developmental Disorder: ADHD and Endophenotypes.

Trevor Archer1, Marlene Oscar-Berman, Kenneth Blum

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.

Journal of Genetic Syndromes & Gene Therapy
|January 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic and environmental factors contribute to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) heterogeneity. Endophenotypes and epigenetic regulation offer promising avenues for understanding ADHD genetic risks beyond simple associations.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibits significant heterogeneity due to complex gene-environment interactions.
  • Genomic imprinting and parent-of-origin effects influence neurodevelopmental variations in ADHD.
  • Traditional genetic associations have been insufficient to explain the full spectrum of ADHD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors in ADHD.
  • To investigate the role of endophenotypes in identifying genetic risks for ADHD.
  • To examine epigenetic regulation of neurotransmitter systems and neurotrophic factors in ADHD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genetic linkage studies and pharmacological intervention associations in ADHD.
  • Analysis of epigenetic regulation of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline pathways.
  • Examination of neurotrophic factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in relation to ADHD.

Main Results:

  • Parent-of-origin effects suggest gene-environment interactions, particularly with the parental environment.
  • Epigenetic regulation and neurotrophic factors are implicated in ADHD pathophysiology, though not in a simple manner.
  • Genetic linkage studies show associations with drug response phenotypes rather than disorder diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Endophenotypes may facilitate the detection of genetic risks for ADHD.
  • Associations between symptom profiles, endophenotypes, and single nucleotide polymorphisms are promising for ADHD research.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the complex genetic architecture of ADHD.