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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.

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Updated: May 26, 2026

Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
14:55

Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Published on: September 17, 2017

Singlet nuclear magnetic resonance.

Malcolm H Levitt1

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, United Kingdom. mhl@soton.ac.uk

Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
|January 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear singlet states, with exceptionally long lifetimes, can be generated and observed in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These states offer new applications for studying slow molecular dynamics and spin order transport.

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
  • Quantum Spin Physics

Background:

  • Nuclear spin magnetization typically has a short relaxation time.
  • Nuclear singlet states exhibit significantly longer lifetimes than conventional states.
  • Understanding and utilizing these long-lived states is an active area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the generation and observation methods for nuclear singlet states in solution NMR.
  • To explore the potential applications of these long-lived states.
  • To highlight their utility in studying slow molecular processes and spin order.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental techniques for generating nuclear singlet states.
  • Discussion of methods for observing singlet state properties.
  • Analysis of theoretical frameworks for understanding singlet state dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Nuclear singlet states can be effectively generated and observed using various NMR techniques.
  • These states possess lifetimes considerably longer than conventional nuclear spin states.
  • Their unique properties enable novel applications in NMR.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear singlet states offer a powerful tool for advanced NMR studies.
  • Their long lifetimes facilitate the investigation of slow molecular processes and the transport of hyperpolarized spin order.
  • This review provides a comprehensive overview of their generation, observation, and application potential.