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Updated: May 26, 2026

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Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
Published on: July 5, 2021
Transnasal excerebration surgery in ancient Egypt.
Andrew A Fanous1, William T Couldwell
1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
Journal of Neurosurgery
|January 10, 2012
Summary
Ancient Egyptians pioneered neurosurgery, developing transnasal techniques for skull base access during mummification. Evidence suggests a left-sided approach evolved from transethmoidal to transsphenoidal routes.
Area of Science:
- Paleoradiology
- Ancient Egyptian Medicine
- Neurosurgery History
Background:
- Ancient Egyptians made significant contributions to medicine and surgery, including neurosurgery.
- Their knowledge of anatomy and surgical techniques laid groundwork for modern practices.
- Embalming practices led to early development of skull base surgical approaches.
