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Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System

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The effect of nearby bubbles on array gain.

R Lee Culver¹, J Daniel Park, Timothy G Leighton

¹Applied Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, USA. rlc5@psu.edu

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

|January 10, 2012

Summary

Air bubbles in water reduce acoustic array gain (AG) by increasing phase shifts and decreasing signal correlation. This study quanties the impact of bubble density on AG, crucial for underwater acoustics.

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Area of Science:

Underwater acoustics
Acoustic signal processing
Fluid dynamics

Background:

Hydrophone arrays enhance angular resolution and signal-to-noise ratio through coherent signal processing.
Array gain (AG) quantifies the amplification of signals from a specific direction relative to others.
Air bubbles in water can significantly impact acoustic wave propagation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effect of scattering from air bubbles on the array gain (AG) of an acoustic array.
To differentiate the impact of bubbles on acoustic attenuation and dispersion from their effect on AG.
To develop and validate a model linking bubble density to AG.

Main Methods:

Acoustic measurements were conducted in bubbly water using the AB Wood tank.
The study analyzed relative phase shifts and signal correlation among hydrophone signals.
A theory and numerical simulation were developed to model the relationship between bubble density and AG.

Main Results:

Increased bubble density led to greater relative phase shifts in hydrophone signals.
Signal correlation among hydrophones decreased as bubble density increased.
The theoretical model showed good agreement with experimental measurements up to the point of significant multiple scattering.

Conclusions:

Bubble scattering significantly affects the array gain of acoustic arrays operating in bubbly water.
The developed model accurately predicts AG degradation due to bubble density, excluding high-density multiple scattering effects.
Understanding these effects is critical for sonar and underwater acoustic system performance.