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Nitrogen nucleation in a cryogenic supersonic nozzle.

Ashutosh Bhabhe1, Barbara Wyslouzil

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Summary

Nitrogen (N2) condensation below its triple point was studied. Mean field kinetic nucleation theory (MKNT) better predicts nucleation rates and cluster properties than classical nucleation theory.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Thermodynamics
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Phase transitions, specifically vapor-liquid condensation, are fundamental in many physical and chemical processes.
  • Understanding nucleation phenomena is crucial for accurately modeling condensation in various environments, from atmospheric science to industrial applications.
  • Previous studies have utilized classical nucleation theory (CNT) to describe these processes, but its accuracy under extreme conditions remains a subject of investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the vapor-liquid phase transition of nitrogen (N2) in a cryogenic supersonic nozzle.
  • To compare the predictive capabilities of Mean Field Kinetic Nucleation Theory (MKNT) against classical nucleation theory variants for N2 condensation.
  • To estimate critical cluster properties using nucleation theorems and experimental data.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing static pressure measurements within a cryogenic supersonic nozzle apparatus to monitor the N2 phase transition.
  • Employing Mean Field Kinetic Nucleation Theory (MKNT) and two variants of classical nucleation theory for theoretical predictions.
  • Combining experimental data with prior nucleation pulse chamber measurements to apply nucleation theorems.

Main Results:

  • Condensation of N2 was consistently observed below the triple point under the experimental conditions.
  • MKNT demonstrated superior accuracy in predicting the conditions for maximum nucleation rates (Jmax = 10(17±1) cm(-3) s(-1)) compared to classical nucleation theory.
  • Both theories tended to overestimate the critical cluster size, but MKNT provided a good estimation of the excess internal energy of the clusters.

Conclusions:

  • MKNT offers a more accurate framework for describing N2 nucleation under cryogenic conditions than classical nucleation theory.
  • Nucleation theorems, when combined with experimental data, provide valuable insights into critical cluster properties.
  • Further refinement of nucleation theories is needed to precisely predict critical cluster size, although MKNT shows promise for estimating excess internal energy.