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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
Sex Linked Disorders01:43

Sex Linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...

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Updated: May 26, 2026

Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates
13:55

Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates

Published on: January 27, 2019

Sex affects immunity.

Leesa M Pennell1, Carole L Galligan, Eleanor N Fish

  • 1Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of Autoimmunity
|January 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sex influences immune responses, impacting infections and autoimmune diseases. Understanding these sex-based differences, including hormonal effects, is crucial for developing effective treatments for both males and females.

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Published on: October 13, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Sex-based biology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Sex-based differences exist in innate and adaptive immune responses.
  • Females generally experience lower infectious disease burdens but higher rates of autoimmune diseases like SLE, MS, and RA.
  • Gonadal hormones, X chromosome genes, and environmental factors contribute to these immune system disparities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review sex-based differences in male and female immune responses.
  • To explore the role of sex hormones in immune system variations.
  • To examine the impact of sex on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on sex differences in immunity.
  • Analysis of studies on innate and adaptive immune responses by sex.
  • Examination of hormonal influences on autoimmune disease pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Females exhibit distinct immune profiles compared to males, influencing disease susceptibility.
  • Sex hormones play a significant role in modulating immune responses and autoimmune disease prevalence.
  • Differences in immune responses contribute to varied outcomes in infectious diseases and vaccine efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive understanding of sex-based immune differences is vital for targeted therapies.
  • Sex-specific approaches are needed for managing infectious diseases and autoimmune conditions.
  • Further research into hormonal and genetic factors can lead to improved treatments for both sexes.