Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Open and closed-loop control systems

Open and closed-loop control systems

Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal and...

Control System Problem

Control System Problem

In an open-loop system, such as a basic thermostat, the poles of the transfer function influence the system's response but do not determine its stability. However, when feedback is introduced to form a closed-loop system, such as an advanced thermostat that adjusts heating based on room temperature, stability is governed by the new poles of the closed-loop transfer function.
When forming a closed-loop system, issues can arise if the poles cross into the unstable region, leading to potential...

Control Systems

Control Systems

Control systems are everywhere in contemporary society, influencing diverse applications from aerospace to automated manufacturing. These systems can be found naturally within biological processes, such as blood sugar regulation and heart rate adjustment in response to stress, as well as in man-made systems like elevators and automated vehicles. A control system is essentially a network of subsystems and processes that collaboratively convert specific inputs into desired outputs.
At the heart...

Controller Configurations

Controller Configurations

Controller configurations are crucial in a car's cruise control system because they manage speed over time to maintain a consistent pace regardless of road conditions, thereby meeting design goals. In traditional control systems, fixed-configuration design involves predetermined controller placement. System performance modifications are known as compensation.
Control-system compensation involves various configurations, most commonly series or cascade compensation, in which the controller aligns...

Feedback control systems

Feedback control systems

Feedback control systems are categorized in various ways based on their design, analysis, and signal types.
Linear feedback systems are theoretical models that simplify analysis and design. These systems operate under the principle that their output is directly proportional to their input within certain ranges. For instance, an amplifier in a control system behaves linearly as long as the input signal remains within a specific range. However, most physical systems exhibit inherent nonlinearity...

Effects of feedback

Effects of feedback

Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

On target? Cardiovascular risk factor patterns in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: Real-world attainment of cardiovascular risk factor targets and use of medication.

Diabetes research and clinical practice·2026

Same author

<i>Letter:</i> Fully Automated Glycemic Control with Ultra-Rapid Insulin in a Bihormonal Closed-Loop System in People with Type 1 Diabetes.

Diabetes technology & therapeutics·2026

Same author

Preclinical serial shear stress analysis of a novel strut-free fibrillated bioresorbable polymeric endoluminal graft.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine·2026

Same author

In Support of Venous Glucose as a Reference Matrix for Evaluating Continuous Glucose Monitoring Accuracy.

Journal of diabetes science and technology·2026

Same author

Beta cell function and mass in individuals with and without remission of type 2 diabetes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Diabetologia·2026

Same author

β-Cell Mass in Individuals With and Without Postbariatric Hypoglycemia After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.

Diabetes·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

Published on: March 10, 2011

Exercise in closed-loop control: a major hurdle.

Arianne C van Bon¹, Eugeny Verbitskiy, Golo von Basum

¹Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology

|January 10, 2012

Summary

Exercise causes hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). While heart rate and acceleration increased during moderate exercise, they did not correlate with glucose changes in T1DM patients.

More Related Videos

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Published on: May 8, 2021

The Modular Design and Production of an Intelligent Robot Based on a Closed-Loop Control Strategy

The Modular Design and Production of an Intelligent Robot Based on a Closed-Loop Control Strategy

Published on: October 14, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

Published on: March 10, 2011

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Published on: May 8, 2021

The Modular Design and Production of an Intelligent Robot Based on a Closed-Loop Control Strategy

The Modular Design and Production of an Intelligent Robot Based on a Closed-Loop Control Strategy

Published on: October 14, 2017

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Exercise Physiology
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients face risks of exercise-induced hypoglycemia.
Automated detection of physical activity is crucial for closed-loop systems to prevent hypoglycemia.
Heart rate (HR) and body acceleration counts (AC) are potential markers for physical activity detection.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine correlations between HR, AC, and glucose concentrations during moderate-intensity exercise in T1DM patients.
To assess the feasibility of using HR and AC for automated detection of physical activity in T1DM management.
To investigate markers for preventing exercise-induced hypoglycemia in a closed-loop setting.

Main Methods:

Eleven T1DM subjects using insulin pumps participated.
Subjects performed 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise.
Glucose profiles, insulin concentrations, HR, and AC were continuously monitored.

Main Results:

Moderate exercise decreased glucose by a mean of 1.4 mmol/L.
Mean HR increased by 45.2 bpm and mean AC increased by 18,000 counts.
No significant correlations were found between glucose decrease and changes in HR or AC, though HR and AC showed a trend.

Conclusions:

Moderate exercise in T1DM decreases glucose but increases HR and AC.
Current markers (HR, AC) did not demonstrate a real-time association with glucose changes during exercise.
Further research is needed to identify reliable markers for automated hypoglycemia prevention during exercise in T1DM.