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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
 Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing nebulizer...
Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...

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High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water
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The compact neutron spectrometer at ASDEX Upgrade.

L Giacomelli1, A Zimbal, K Tittelmeier

  • 1Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
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The new compact neutron spectrometer (CNS) on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) accurately measures fusion neutrons and gamma radiation. It achieves high count rates, significantly advancing plasma diagnostics.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Fusion Engineering
  • Plasma Diagnostics
  • Particle Accelerators

Background:

  • The ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) tokamak requires advanced diagnostics for plasma monitoring.
  • Neutron emission is a key indicator of fusion reactions in deuterium plasmas.
  • Previous neutron spectrometers had limitations in count rate and efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate the first compact neutron spectrometer (CNS) installed at AUG.
  • To assess the performance of the CNS for measuring 2.45-MeV and 14-MeV neutrons and gamma radiation.
  • To optimize data acquisition and processing for enhanced neutron-gamma discrimination.

Main Methods:

  • Installation of a BC501A liquid scintillating detector coupled to a digital pulse shape discrimination (DPSD) system.
  • Utilizing the DPSD system in both acquisition and off-line processing modes (two-gate method) for n-γ discrimination.
  • Testing the CNS performance using neutron emissions from a deuterium plasma discharge with high auxiliary heating power.

Main Results:

  • The CNS successfully measured both 2.45-MeV and 14-MeV neutrons emitted from AUG deuterium plasmas.
  • Achieved a maximum count rate of 5.4 × 10(5) s(-1), over 10 times higher than similar previous spectrometers.
  • Demonstrated an efficiency of 9.3 × 10(-10) events per AUG neutron.

Conclusions:

  • The installed CNS is a high-performance diagnostic tool for AUG.
  • The CNS demonstrates superior count rate capabilities for fusion neutron detection.
  • The system provides valuable data for understanding plasma behavior and fusion processes.