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Related Concept Videos

Operon Model01:23

Operon Model

The operon model represents a fundamental mechanism of gene regulation in prokaryotes, enabling coordinated expression of genes involved in related metabolic or functional pathways. Operons consist of structural genes, a promoter, and an operator, with transcription regulated by repressors, activators, and small effector molecules.Structure and Function of OperonsAn operon is a cluster of structural genes transcribed together under the control of a single promoter. The promoter region...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Dissection of Enhancer Function Using Multiplex CRISPR-based Enhancer Interference in Cell Lines
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Enhancers and silencers: an integrated and simple model for their function.

Petros Kolovos1, Tobias A Knoch, Frank G Grosveld

  • 1Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK. argyrios.papantonis@path.ox.ac.uk.

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Summary

Regulatory DNA elements like enhancers control gene expression. A new model proposes they function as transcription units, tethering promoters to specific genomic regions.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Metazoan genomes contain regulatory DNA elements, including enhancers, silencers, and insulators.
  • These elements are crucial for controlling gene expression during development.
  • Despite diverse functions, these elements share common properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss examples of regulatory DNA elements.
  • To propose a parsimonious model for their function.
  • To elucidate the role of these elements in gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on regulatory DNA elements.
  • Analysis of functional properties and shared characteristics.
  • Development of a theoretical model based on genomic organization.

Main Results:

  • Regulatory elements function as transcription units.
  • These units tether target gene promoters.
  • Tethering can occur at varying distances from transcriptional hubs ('factories').

Conclusions:

  • A unified model explains the function of diverse regulatory DNA elements.
  • Regulatory elements actively organize the genome to control gene expression.
  • This mechanism is fundamental to developmental processes.