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Related Concept Videos

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Neuromuscular Junction And Blockade01:29

Neuromuscular Junction And Blockade

The site of chemical communication between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The end of the motor neuron at the NMJ divides into a cluster of synaptic end bulbs. The cytoplasm of these bulbs consists of synaptic vesicles enclosing acetylcholine molecules, the principal neurotransmitter released at the NMJ. The region opposite the synaptic bulb that ends in the muscle fiber is called the motor end plate, which has acetylcholine receptors. Within the...
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:17

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Mechanism of Action

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers induce paralysis by competitively blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the muscle end plate. Examples include pancuronium, mivacurium, vecuronium, and rocuronium. These quaternary ammonium derivatives are administered intravenously, are poorly absorbed, and are excreted via the kidneys.
Competitive antagonists prevent acetylcholine from binding to its receptor, inhibiting membrane depolarization. Without conformational changes or intrinsic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

The Muscle Cuff Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface for the Amplification of Intact Peripheral Nerve Signals
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The Muscle Cuff Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface for the Amplification of Intact Peripheral Nerve Signals

Published on: January 13, 2022

Neuromuscular complications.

Wolfgang Grisold1, Andrea Vass

  • 1Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna, Austria. wolfgang.grisold@wienkav.at

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|January 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Direct cancer invasion of muscle is rare, but muscle cachexia is a significant unresolved issue. Other causes like inflammation, paraneoplastic syndromes, and drug toxicity are also considered in cancer patients with muscle symptoms.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Neurology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Muscle tissue represents a large body mass, yet direct neoplastic involvement is infrequent.
  • Muscle cachexia remains a primary and unresolved concern in cancer patients.
  • Various other associations with muscle symptoms, including inflammatory, paraneoplastic, and toxic effects, have been documented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the associations between cancer and muscle tissue.
  • To highlight the prevalence and significance of muscle cachexia in oncology.
  • To discuss differential diagnoses for muscle symptoms in cancer patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of neoplastic and non-neoplastic muscle involvements in cancer.
  • Analysis of reported cases and clinical observations.

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Surgical Approach and Complications of Stand-alone Lateral Trans-Psoas Interbody Fusion

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  • Synthesis of information on muscle cachexia and other related conditions.

    • Main Results:

    • Direct neoplastic infiltration of muscle is rare.
    • Muscle cachexia is a major clinical challenge in cancer care.
    • Inflammatory, paraneoplastic, and drug-induced toxicities are important considerations.

    Conclusions:

    • While direct tumor invasion of muscle is uncommon, understanding associated muscle effects is crucial.
    • Muscle cachexia requires further research and effective management strategies.
    • Clinicians must consider drug toxicity and radiation recall in cancer patients presenting with muscle symptoms.