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Updated: May 26, 2026

Stimulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Sensing Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo
Published on: September 18, 2014
Transcriptional regulation in the innate immune system
1Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. smale@mednet.ucla.edu
Abstract:
In cells of the innate immune system, the transcriptional response to a microbial stimulus is tailored to both the stimulus and cell type, suggesting the existence of highly sophisticated regulatory mechanisms. Early studies suggested that specificity is dictated by sets of differentially induced transcription factors that synergistically activate target genes containing their binding sites. However, recent studies have revealed additional interrelated regulatory layers, which are the topic of this article. In particular, individual transcription factors may require different post-translational modifications and coregulatory interactions to regulate different target genes. Furthermore, competence for induction is programmed at an early stage of development by factors involved in lineage commitment, and the architecture and chromatin structure of each promoter play critical roles in transcriptional specificity.
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